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feat: expand from 10 to 66 laws — 537 provisions, 10 Basic Law PDFs parsed

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Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>
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2026-02-27 09:09:50 +01:00
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COVERAGE.md Normal file
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# Coverage Index -- Israel Law MCP
> Auto-generated from census data. Do not edit manually.
> Generated: 2026-02-27
## Source
| Field | Value |
|-------|-------|
| Authority | The Knesset (Israeli Parliament) |
| Portal | [main.knesset.gov.il/Activity/Legislation](https://main.knesset.gov.il/Activity/Legislation) |
| License | Government Open Data |
| Census date | 2026-02-27 |
## Summary
| Metric | Count |
|--------|-------|
| Total laws enumerated | 66 |
| Ingestable | 66 |
| Ingested | 66 |
| Excluded | 0 |
| Provisions extracted | 537 |
| **Coverage** | **100%** |
## Laws (66 ingested)
| Title | Official URL | Status | Provisions |
|-------|-------------|--------|------------|
| חוק בתי משפט לעניינים מינהליים, תש"ס-2000 | | | 3 |
| חוק חופשה שנתית, תשי"א-1951 | | | 4 |
| חוק איסור הלבנת הון, תש"ס-2000 | | | 6 |
| חוק הבנקאות (רישוי), תשמ"א-1981 | | | 5 |
| פקודת הבנקאות, 1941 | | | 4 |
| חוק יסוד: חופש העיסוק | | | 10 |
| חוק יסוד: כבוד האדם וחירותו | | | 13 |
| חוק יסוד: מקרקעי ישראל | | | 3 |
| חוק יסוד: ירושלים בירת ישראל | | | 7 |
| חוק יסוד: חקיקה | | | 1 |
| חוק יסוד: ישראל – מדינת הלאום של העם היהודי | | | 10 |
| חוק יסוד: משאל עם | | | 4 |
| חוק יסוד: הצבא | | | 5 |
| חוק יסוד: הממשלה | | | 51 |
| חוק יסוד: השפיטה | | | 23 |
| חוק יסוד: הכנסת | | | 58 |
| חוק יסוד: נשיא המדינה | | | 23 |
| חוק יסוד: משק המדינה | | | 8 |
| תקנות סדר הדין האזרחי, תשמ"ד-1984 | | | 4 |
| פקודת הנזיקין [נוסח חדש], תשכ"ט-1968 | | | 5 |
| חוק התקשורת (בזק ושידורים), תשמ"ב-1982 | | | 6 |
| חוק החברות, תשנ"ט-1999 | | | 6 |
| חוק המחשבים, תשנ"ה-1995 | | | 21 |
| חוק הגנת הצרכן, תשמ"א-1981 | | | 6 |
| חוק החוזים (חלק כללי), תשל"ד-1973 | | | 6 |
| חוק זכות יוצרים, תשס"ח-2007 | | | 6 |
| חוק בתי המשפט [נוסח משולב], תשמ"ד-1984 | | | 4 |
| חוק נתוני אשראי, תס"ב-2002 | | | 6 |
| חוק סדר הדין הפלילי [נוסח משולב], תשמ"ב-1982 | | | 5 |
| הנחיית רשות הסייבר הלאומי להגנת הסייבר בגופים ציבוריים | | | 6 |
| תקנות הגנת הפרטיות (אבטחת מידע), תשע"ז-2017 | | | 11 |
| תקנות הגנת הפרטיות (רישום מאגרי מידע), תשמ"ז-1986 | | | 4 |
| חוק שירות ביטחון [נוסח משולב], תשמ"ז-1986 | | | 4 |
| חוק התחרות הכלכלית, תשמ"ט-1988 | | | 5 |
| חוק חתימה אלקטרונית, תס"א-2001 | | | 6 |
| חוק סמכויות שעת חירום (מעצרים), תשל"י-1979 | | | 3 |
| חוק שוויון הזדמנויות בעבודה, תשמ"ח-1988 | | | 3 |
| חוק שירות התעסוקה, תשי"ט-1959 | | | 3 |
| חוק לעידוד מחקר ופיתוח וחדשנות טכנולוגית בתעשייה, תשמ"ד-1984 | | | 5 |
| חוק אוויר נקי, תשס"ח-2008 | | | 4 |
| פקודת הראיות [נוסח חדש], תשל"א-1971 | | | 5 |
| חוק הפיקוח על שירותים פיננסיים, תשס"ה-2005 | | | 4 |
| חוק חופש המידע, תשנ"ח-1998 | | | 6 |
| חוק מידע גנטי, תש"ס-2000 | | | 5 |
| חוק החברות הממשלתיות, תשל"ו-1975 | | | 4 |
| חוק החומרים המסוכנים, תשנ"ג-1993 | | | 4 |
| חוק שעות עבודה ומנוחה, תשי"א-1951 | | | 6 |
| חוק הפיקוח על עסקי ביטוח, תשמ"א-1981 | | | 5 |
| חוק ביטוח בריאות ממלכתי, תשנ"ד-1994 | | | 5 |
| חוק הפטנטים, תשכ"ז-1967 | | | 5 |
| חוק זכויות החולה, תשנ"ז-1996 | | | 6 |
| חוק העונשין, תשל"ז-1977 | | | 6 |
| חוק התכנון והבנייה, תשכ"ו-1965 | | | 4 |
| חוק רשות הדואר, תשמ"ז-1986 | | | 3 |
| חוק הגנת הפרטיות, תשמ"א-1981 | | | 55 |
| תקנות הגנת הפרטיות (העברת מידע למאגרי מידע שמחוץ לישראל), תס"א-2001 | | | 4 |
| חוק הסדרת האבטחה בגופים ציבוריים, תשנ"ח-1998 | | | 5 |
| חוק ניירות ערך, תשכ"ח-1968 | | | 6 |
| חוק פיצויים, תשכ"ג-1963 | | | 3 |
| חוק החוזים האחידים, תשמ"ב-1982 | | | 4 |
| חוק מבקר המדינה, תשי"ט-1958 | | | 4 |
| פקודת מס הכנסה [נוסח חדש], תשכ"א-1961 | | | 5 |
| חוק איסור מימון טרור, תשס"ה-2005 | | | 4 |
| חוק עוולות מסחריות, תשנ"י-1999 | | | 3 |
| פקודת סימני מסחר [נוסח חדש], תשל"ב-1972 | | | 4 |
| חוק האזנת סתר, תשל"ט-1979 | | | 5 |

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"schema_version": "1.0",
"jurisdiction": "IL",
"portal": "knesset.gov.il + gov.il",
"generated": "2026-02-22",
"total_laws": 10,
"total_provisions": 135,
"generated": "2026-02-27",
"total_laws": 66,
"total_provisions": 537,
"laws": [
{
"id": "basic-law-human-dignity-1992",
"title": "חוק יסוד: כבוד האדם וחירותו",
"provisions": 13
},
{
"id": "communications-law-1982",
"title": "חוק התקשורת (בזק ושידורים), תשמ\"ב-1982",
"provisions": 6
},
{
"id": "companies-law-1999",
"title": "חוק החברות, תשנ\"ט-1999",
"provisions": 6
},
{
"id": "computer-law-1995",
"title": "חוק המחשבים, תשנ\"ה-1995",
"provisions": 21
},
{
"id": "credit-data-law-2002",
"title": "חוק נתוני אשראי, תס\"ב-2002",
"provisions": 6
},
{
"id": "data-security-regulations-2017",
"title": "תקנות הגנת הפרטיות (אבטחת מידע), תשע\"ז-2017",
"provisions": 11
},
{
"id": "electronic-signature-law-2001",
"title": "חוק חתימה אלקטרונית, תס\"א-2001",
"provisions": 6
},
{
"id": "freedom-of-information-law-1998",
"title": "חוק חופש המידע, תשנ\"ח-1998",
"provisions": 6
},
{
"id": "privacy-protection-law-1981",
"title": "חוק הגנת הפרטיות, תשמ\"א-1981",
"provisions": 55
},
{
"id": "regulation-of-security-1998",
"title": "חוק הסדרת האבטחה בגופים ציבוריים, תשנ\"ח-1998",
"provisions": 5
}
{ "id": "administrative-courts-law-2000", "title": "חוק בתי משפט לעניינים מינהליים, תש\"ס-2000", "provisions": 3 },
{ "id": "annual-leave-law-1951", "title": "חוק חופשה שנתית, תשי\"א-1951", "provisions": 4 },
{ "id": "anti-money-laundering-law-2000", "title": "חוק איסור הלבנת הון, תש\"ס-2000", "provisions": 6 },
{ "id": "banking-licensing-law-1981", "title": "חוק הבנקאות (רישוי), תשמ\"א-1981", "provisions": 5 },
{ "id": "banking-ordinance-1941", "title": "פקודת הבנקאות, 1941", "provisions": 4 },
{ "id": "basic-law-freedom-of-occupation-1994", "title": "חוק יסוד: חופש העיסוק", "provisions": 10 },
{ "id": "basic-law-human-dignity-1992", "title": "חוק יסוד: כבוד האדם וחירותו", "provisions": 13 },
{ "id": "basic-law-israel-lands-1960", "title": "חוק יסוד: מקרקעי ישראל", "provisions": 3 },
{ "id": "basic-law-jerusalem-1980", "title": "חוק יסוד: ירושלים בירת ישראל", "provisions": 7 },
{ "id": "basic-law-legislation-2001", "title": "חוק יסוד: חקיקה", "provisions": 1 },
{ "id": "basic-law-nation-state-2018", "title": "חוק יסוד: ישראל – מדינת הלאום של העם היהודי", "provisions": 10 },
{ "id": "basic-law-referendum-2014", "title": "חוק יסוד: משאל עם", "provisions": 4 },
{ "id": "basic-law-the-army-1976", "title": "חוק יסוד: הצבא", "provisions": 5 },
{ "id": "basic-law-the-government-2001", "title": "חוק יסוד: הממשלה", "provisions": 51 },
{ "id": "basic-law-the-judiciary-1984", "title": "חוק יסוד: השפיטה", "provisions": 23 },
{ "id": "basic-law-the-knesset-1958", "title": "חוק יסוד: הכנסת", "provisions": 58 },
{ "id": "basic-law-the-president-1964", "title": "חוק יסוד: נשיא המדינה", "provisions": 23 },
{ "id": "basic-law-the-state-economy-1975", "title": "חוק יסוד: משק המדינה", "provisions": 8 },
{ "id": "civil-procedure-regulations-1984", "title": "תקנות סדר הדין האזרחי, תשמ\"ד-1984", "provisions": 4 },
{ "id": "civil-wrongs-ordinance-1968", "title": "פקודת הנזיקין [נוסח חדש], תשכ\"ט-1968", "provisions": 5 },
{ "id": "communications-law-1982", "title": "חוק התקשורת (בזק ושידורים), תשמ\"ב-1982", "provisions": 6 },
{ "id": "companies-law-1999", "title": "חוק החברות, תשנ\"ט-1999", "provisions": 6 },
{ "id": "computer-law-1995", "title": "חוק המחשבים, תשנ\"ה-1995", "provisions": 21 },
{ "id": "consumer-protection-law-1981", "title": "חוק הגנת הצרכן, תשמ\"א-1981", "provisions": 6 },
{ "id": "contracts-general-part-law-1973", "title": "חוק החוזים (חלק כללי), תשל\"ד-1973", "provisions": 6 },
{ "id": "copyright-law-2007", "title": "חוק זכות יוצרים, תשס\"ח-2007", "provisions": 6 },
{ "id": "courts-law-1984", "title": "חוק בתי המשפט [נוסח משולב], תשמ\"ד-1984", "provisions": 4 },
{ "id": "credit-data-law-2002", "title": "חוק נתוני אשראי, תס\"ב-2002", "provisions": 6 },
{ "id": "criminal-procedure-law-1982", "title": "חוק סדר הדין הפלילי [נוסח משולב], תשמ\"ב-1982", "provisions": 5 },
{ "id": "cyber-defense-law-2016", "title": "הנחיית רשות הסייבר הלאומי להגנת הסייבר בגופים ציבוריים", "provisions": 6 },
{ "id": "data-security-regulations-2017", "title": "תקנות הגנת הפרטיות (אבטחת מידע), תשע\"ז-2017", "provisions": 11 },
{ "id": "database-registration-regulations-1986", "title": "תקנות הגנת הפרטיות (רישום מאגרי מידע), תשמ\"ז-1986", "provisions": 4 },
{ "id": "defense-service-law-1986", "title": "חוק שירות ביטחון [נוסח משולב], תשמ\"ז-1986", "provisions": 4 },
{ "id": "economic-competition-law-1988", "title": "חוק התחרות הכלכלית, תשמ\"ט-1988", "provisions": 5 },
{ "id": "electronic-signature-law-2001", "title": "חוק חתימה אלקטרונית, תס\"א-2001", "provisions": 6 },
{ "id": "emergency-powers-detention-law-1979", "title": "חוק סמכויות שעת חירום (מעצרים), תשל\"י-1979", "provisions": 3 },
{ "id": "employment-equal-opportunities-law-1988", "title": "חוק שוויון הזדמנויות בעבודה, תשמ\"ח-1988", "provisions": 3 },
{ "id": "employment-law-1959", "title": "חוק שירות התעסוקה, תשי\"ט-1959", "provisions": 3 },
{ "id": "encouragement-of-research-law-1984", "title": "חוק לעידוד מחקר ופיתוח וחדשנות טכנולוגית בתעשייה, תשמ\"ד-1984", "provisions": 5 },
{ "id": "environmental-protection-law-2008", "title": "חוק אוויר נקי, תשס\"ח-2008", "provisions": 4 },
{ "id": "evidence-ordinance-1971", "title": "פקודת הראיות [נוסח חדש], תשל\"א-1971", "provisions": 5 },
{ "id": "financial-services-regulation-law-2005", "title": "חוק הפיקוח על שירותים פיננסיים, תשס\"ה-2005", "provisions": 4 },
{ "id": "freedom-of-information-law-1998", "title": "חוק חופש המידע, תשנ\"ח-1998", "provisions": 6 },
{ "id": "genetic-information-law-2000", "title": "חוק מידע גנטי, תש\"ס-2000", "provisions": 5 },
{ "id": "government-companies-law-1975", "title": "חוק החברות הממשלתיות, תשל\"ו-1975", "provisions": 4 },
{ "id": "hazardous-substances-law-1993", "title": "חוק החומרים המסוכנים, תשנ\"ג-1993", "provisions": 4 },
{ "id": "hours-of-work-and-rest-law-1951", "title": "חוק שעות עבודה ומנוחה, תשי\"א-1951", "provisions": 6 },
{ "id": "insurance-business-law-1981", "title": "חוק הפיקוח על עסקי ביטוח, תשמ\"א-1981", "provisions": 5 },
{ "id": "national-health-insurance-law-1994", "title": "חוק ביטוח בריאות ממלכתי, תשנ\"ד-1994", "provisions": 5 },
{ "id": "patent-law-1967", "title": "חוק הפטנטים, תשכ\"ז-1967", "provisions": 5 },
{ "id": "patients-rights-law-1996", "title": "חוק זכויות החולה, תשנ\"ז-1996", "provisions": 6 },
{ "id": "penal-law-1977", "title": "חוק העונשין, תשל\"ז-1977", "provisions": 6 },
{ "id": "planning-and-building-law-1965", "title": "חוק התכנון והבנייה, תשכ\"ו-1965", "provisions": 4 },
{ "id": "postal-law-1986", "title": "חוק רשות הדואר, תשמ\"ז-1986", "provisions": 3 },
{ "id": "privacy-protection-law-1981", "title": "חוק הגנת הפרטיות, תשמ\"א-1981", "provisions": 55 },
{ "id": "privacy-protection-transfer-abroad-regulations-2001", "title": "תקנות הגנת הפרטיות (העברת מידע למאגרי מידע שמחוץ לישראל), תס\"א-2001", "provisions": 4 },
{ "id": "regulation-of-security-1998", "title": "חוק הסדרת האבטחה בגופים ציבוריים, תשנ\"ח-1998", "provisions": 5 },
{ "id": "securities-law-1968", "title": "חוק ניירות ערך, תשכ\"ח-1968", "provisions": 6 },
{ "id": "severance-pay-law-1963", "title": "חוק פיצויים, תשכ\"ג-1963", "provisions": 3 },
{ "id": "standard-contracts-law-1982", "title": "חוק החוזים האחידים, תשמ\"ב-1982", "provisions": 4 },
{ "id": "state-comptroller-law-1958", "title": "חוק מבקר המדינה, תשי\"ט-1958", "provisions": 4 },
{ "id": "taxation-ordinance-1961", "title": "פקודת מס הכנסה [נוסח חדש], תשכ\"א-1961", "provisions": 5 },
{ "id": "terror-financing-prohibition-law-2005", "title": "חוק איסור מימון טרור, תשס\"ה-2005", "provisions": 4 },
{ "id": "trade-secrets-law-1999", "title": "חוק עוולות מסחריות, תשנ\"י-1999", "provisions": 3 },
{ "id": "trademarks-ordinance-1972", "title": "פקודת סימני מסחר [נוסח חדש], תשל\"ב-1972", "provisions": 4 },
{ "id": "wiretapping-law-1979", "title": "חוק האזנת סתר, תשל\"ט-1979", "provisions": 5 }
]
}

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{
"id": "administrative-courts-law-2000",
"type": "statute",
"title": "חוק בתי משפט לעניינים מינהליים, תש\"ס-2000",
"title_en": "Administrative Courts Law, 5760-2000",
"short_name": "ACL",
"status": "in_force",
"issued_date": "2000-07-25",
"in_force_date": "2004-09-01",
"url": "https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/999_206.htm",
"description": "The Administrative Courts Law 5760-2000 establishes the jurisdiction and procedure of administrative courts in Israel. These courts hear appeals against administrative decisions, including decisions by regulatory authorities such as the Privacy Protection Authority, the Israel Securities Authority, and telecommunications regulators.",
"provisions": [
{
"provision_ref": "sec1",
"section": "1",
"title": "Administrative Courts",
"content": "Section 1. Administrative courts are divisions of the District Courts designated to hear administrative matters as specified in this Law and the schedules hereto."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec5",
"section": "5",
"title": "Jurisdiction",
"content": "Section 5. Administrative courts have jurisdiction over petitions and appeals against decisions of administrative authorities as specified in the schedules to this Law, including licensing decisions, regulatory orders, and enforcement actions."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec8",
"section": "8",
"title": "Procedure",
"content": "Section 8. Administrative court proceedings shall be conducted in accordance with the rules prescribed by the Minister of Justice, with due regard to the special nature of administrative adjudication."
}
],
"definitions": []
}

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{
"id": "annual-leave-law-1951",
"type": "statute",
"title": "חוק חופשה שנתית, תשי\"א-1951",
"title_en": "Annual Leave Law, 5711-1951",
"short_name": "ALL",
"status": "in_force",
"issued_date": "1951-06-11",
"in_force_date": "1951-06-11",
"url": "https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/007_002.htm",
"description": "The Annual Leave Law 5711-1951 establishes the right of every employee to paid annual leave. It sets minimum leave entitlements based on length of service and regulates the timing and payment of leave.",
"provisions": [
{
"provision_ref": "sec1",
"section": "1",
"title": "Scope",
"content": "Section 1. Every employee is entitled to annual leave with pay in accordance with this Law."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec3",
"section": "3",
"title": "Leave Entitlement",
"content": "Section 3. The minimum annual leave entitlement is: (a) 14 working days for the first 4 years of employment; (b) 16 days in the 5th year; (c) 18 days in the 6th year; (d) 21 days in the 7th year and beyond."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec5",
"section": "5",
"title": "Timing of Leave",
"content": "Section 5. The employer shall determine the timing of the annual leave after consulting with the employee. At least 7 consecutive days of leave shall be granted."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec10",
"section": "10",
"title": "Leave Payment",
"content": "Section 10. During annual leave, the employee shall be paid leave pay equivalent to the regular wages the employee would have received had the employee worked during that period."
}
],
"definitions": []
}

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{
"id": "anti-money-laundering-law-2000",
"type": "statute",
"title": "חוק איסור הלבנת הון, תש\"ס-2000",
"title_en": "Prohibition of Money Laundering Law, 5760-2000",
"short_name": "AML",
"status": "in_force",
"issued_date": "2000-08-03",
"in_force_date": "2002-02-17",
"url": "https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/999_207.htm",
"description": "The Prohibition of Money Laundering Law 5760-2000 criminalizes money laundering and establishes the Israel Money Laundering and Terror Financing Prohibition Authority (IMPA). It mandates customer due diligence (KYC), suspicious activity reporting, and record-keeping obligations for financial institutions. The law implements FATF recommendations and includes data handling and information-sharing provisions.",
"provisions": [
{
"provision_ref": "sec1",
"section": "1",
"title": "Definitions",
"content": "Section 1. In this Law: \"laundering offense\" - an act performed with property derived from a predicate offense, with the purpose of concealing or disguising the illicit origin of the property, the identity of the rights holders, or the source, location, disposition, or movement of such property; \"predicate offense\" - an offense listed in the First Schedule to this Law; \"Authority\" - the Israel Money Laundering and Terror Financing Prohibition Authority."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec2",
"section": "2",
"title": "Prohibition of Money Laundering",
"content": "Section 2. (a) A person who performs a transaction in property or provides a financial service in connection with property knowing it to be derived from a predicate offense, with the purpose of concealing or disguising its origin, commits a money laundering offense. (b) A person who performs a transaction in property, knowing it to be property in which a money laundering offense was committed, commits a money laundering offense."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec7",
"section": "7",
"title": "Customer Identification",
"content": "Section 7. (a) Financial institutions shall identify and verify the identity of their customers before establishing a business relationship or conducting a transaction. (b) Financial institutions shall identify the beneficial owner of the property involved in the transaction."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec9",
"section": "9",
"title": "Reporting Obligations",
"content": "Section 9. (a) Financial institutions shall report to the Authority any unusual transaction or any transaction that the institution has reason to suspect involves property derived from an offense. (b) Reports shall be made in the form and manner prescribed by the Authority."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec10",
"section": "10",
"title": "Record Keeping",
"content": "Section 10. Financial institutions shall maintain records of customer identification documents and transaction records for a period of not less than 7 years from the date of the transaction or the termination of the business relationship."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec25",
"section": "25",
"title": "Information Sharing",
"content": "Section 25. The Authority may share information with foreign counterpart authorities pursuant to international agreements, subject to conditions prescribed to protect the confidentiality of the information and the rights of individuals."
}
],
"definitions": [
{
"term": "laundering offense",
"definition": "An act performed with property derived from a predicate offense, with the purpose of concealing or disguising the illicit origin of the property",
"source_provision": "sec1"
},
{
"term": "predicate offense",
"definition": "An offense listed in the First Schedule to the Prohibition of Money Laundering Law",
"source_provision": "sec1"
},
{
"term": "Authority",
"definition": "The Israel Money Laundering and Terror Financing Prohibition Authority",
"source_provision": "sec1"
}
]
}

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{
"id": "banking-licensing-law-1981",
"type": "statute",
"title": "חוק הבנקאות (רישוי), תשמ\"א-1981",
"title_en": "Banking (Licensing) Law, 5741-1981",
"short_name": "BLL",
"status": "in_force",
"issued_date": "1981-01-01",
"in_force_date": "1981-01-01",
"url": "https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/999_076.htm",
"description": "The Banking (Licensing) Law 5741-1981 modernizes the banking licensing regime in Israel. It establishes requirements for obtaining and maintaining a banking license, capital adequacy requirements, and supervisory powers of the Bank of Israel. The law addresses information security obligations, requiring banks to implement protective measures for customer data and financial systems.",
"provisions": [
{
"provision_ref": "sec1",
"section": "1",
"title": "Definitions",
"content": "Section 1. Definitions. In this Law: \"banking corporation\" - a body corporate licensed to carry on banking business in Israel; \"auxiliary corporation\" - a corporation controlled by a banking corporation that provides services ancillary to banking."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec3",
"section": "3",
"title": "License Requirement",
"content": "Section 3. No body corporate shall carry on banking business in Israel unless it has been granted a license by the Governor of the Bank of Israel."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec5",
"section": "5",
"title": "Capital Requirements",
"content": "Section 5. The Governor may prescribe minimum capital requirements for banking corporations, taking into account the nature and extent of the corporation's activities and the risks to which it is exposed."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec14",
"section": "14",
"title": "Risk Management",
"content": "Section 14. A banking corporation shall maintain adequate systems for risk management, internal controls, compliance, and information security, as prescribed by the Supervisor of Banks."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec27",
"section": "27",
"title": "Outsourcing",
"content": "Section 27. A banking corporation that outsources any of its activities shall ensure that the outsourcing arrangements comply with requirements prescribed by the Supervisor, including data protection and information security requirements."
}
],
"definitions": [
{
"term": "banking corporation",
"definition": "A body corporate licensed to carry on banking business in Israel",
"source_provision": "sec1"
}
]
}

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{
"id": "banking-ordinance-1941",
"type": "statute",
"title": "פקודת הבנקאות, 1941",
"title_en": "Banking Ordinance, 1941",
"short_name": "BO",
"status": "in_force",
"issued_date": "1941-01-01",
"in_force_date": "1941-01-01",
"url": "https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/p187_001.htm",
"description": "The Banking Ordinance 1941 is the foundational legislation governing banking in Israel, originally enacted during the British Mandate period and subsequently amended. It establishes the licensing framework for banks, prudential requirements, and the supervisory authority of the Bank of Israel over the banking system.",
"provisions": [
{
"provision_ref": "sec1",
"section": "1",
"title": "Definitions",
"content": "Section 1. Definitions. \"banking business\" - the acceptance of deposits of money from the public for the purpose of lending or investing, and including the provision of banking services; \"bank\" - a body corporate licensed to conduct banking business under this Ordinance; \"Supervisor of Banks\" - the officer appointed by the Governor of the Bank of Israel to supervise banks."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec2",
"section": "2",
"title": "License Requirement",
"content": "Section 2. No person shall conduct banking business except under a license issued under this Ordinance."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec14A",
"section": "14A",
"title": "Banking Secrecy",
"content": "Section 14A. Banking Secrecy. (a) A bank, its officers, employees, and agents shall maintain the confidentiality of information regarding customers' accounts and affairs. (b) Banking information shall not be disclosed except with the customer's consent or as required by law."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec22",
"section": "22",
"title": "Supervision",
"content": "Section 22. The Supervisor of Banks shall supervise the operations of banks and ensure compliance with this Ordinance, including the maintenance of adequate capital, liquidity, and risk management practices."
}
],
"definitions": [
{
"term": "banking business",
"definition": "The acceptance of deposits of money from the public for the purpose of lending or investing, and including the provision of banking services",
"source_provision": "sec1"
},
{
"term": "Supervisor of Banks",
"definition": "The officer appointed by the Governor of the Bank of Israel to supervise banks",
"source_provision": "sec1"
}
]
}

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{
"id": "basic-law-freedom-of-occupation-1994",
"type": "statute",
"title": "חוק יסוד: חופש העיסוק",
"title_en": "Basic Law: Freedom of Occupation, 5754-1994",
"short_name": "BL-FOO",
"status": "in_force",
"issued_date": "1994-03-09",
"in_force_date": "1994-03-09",
"url": "https://m.knesset.gov.il/EN/activity/documents/BasicLawsPDF/BasicLawOccupation.pdf",
"provisions": [
{
"provision_ref": "sec1",
"section": "1",
"title": "Basic principles",
"content": "The basic human rights in Israel are based on the recognition of the value of the human being, the sanctity of his life, and his being a free person, and they shall be upheld in the spirit of the principles in the Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel. Purpose"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec2",
"section": "2",
"title": "Purpose",
"content": "The purpose of this Basic Law is to protect the freedom of occupation, in order to establish the values of the State of Israel as a Jewish and Democratic state, in a basic law. Freedom of occupation"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec3",
"section": "3",
"title": "Freedom of occupation",
"content": "Every citizen or inhabitant of the State is entitled to engage in any occupation, profession or trade. Violation of the freedom of occupation"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec4",
"section": "4",
"title": "Violation of the freedom of occupation",
"content": "The freedom of occupation is not to be violated, save by a law that corresponds to the values of the State of Israel, which is designed to serve an appropriate purpose, and to an extent no greater than required, or on the basis of a law, as aforementioned, by force of an explicit authorization therein. Application"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec5",
"section": "5",
"title": "Application",
"content": "Each one of the government authorities is obliged to uphold the freedom of occupation of every citizen or resident. Stability"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec6",
"section": "6",
"title": "Stability",
"content": "Emergency regulations do not have the power to change this Basic Law, to temporarily suspend its validity, or to subject it to conditions. Rigidity"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec7",
"section": "7",
"title": "Rigidity",
"content": "This Basic Law is not to be changed save by a basic-law that was adopted by a majority of the Knesset Members. The validity of a divergent law (Amendment No. 2) 8 (a) A provision of the law that violates the freedom of occupation, shall be valid even though it does not correspond with article 4, if it was included in a law that was adopted by a majority of the Knesset Members, and explicitly states that it is valid despite what is stated in this Basic Law. The validity of a law, as stated, shall expire at the end of four years from its inception, unless an earlier date was prescribed in it. (b) The provision regarding the expiration of validity, as stated in clause (a), shall not apply to a law adopted before the end of a year from the inception date of this Basic Law. Repeal"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec9",
"section": "9",
"title": "Repeal",
"content": "Temporary provision (Amendments Nos. 1 & 2)"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec10",
"section": "10",
"title": "Temporary provision 2)",
"content": "Legislative provisions, which in the absence of this BasicLaw, or the Basic Law that was repealed as stated in article 9, were valid on the eve of the inception of this Basic Law, shall remain in force until the 1st of Nisan 5762 (March 14, 2002), unless they were repealed beforehand, but the interpretation of the said provisions shall be construed in the spirit of this Basic-Law. Amendment of BasicLaw: Human Dignity and Liberty"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec11",
"section": "11",
"title": "Amendment of BasicLaw: Human Dignity and Liberty",
"content": "[Was integrated into Basic law: Human Dignity and Liberty]"
}
],
"definitions": []
}

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{
"id": "basic-law-israel-lands-1960",
"type": "statute",
"title": "חוק יסוד: מקרקעי ישראל",
"title_en": "Basic Law: Israel Lands, 5720-1960",
"short_name": "BL-IL",
"status": "in_force",
"issued_date": "1960-07-25",
"in_force_date": "1960-07-25",
"url": "https://m.knesset.gov.il/EN/activity/documents/BasicLawsPDF/BasicLawIsraelLands.pdf",
"provisions": [
{
"provision_ref": "sec1",
"section": "1",
"title": "Prohibition of ownership transfer",
"content": "The ownership of Israel’s Lands, which is the real estate belonging to the State, the Development Authority, or the Jewish National Fund, shall not be transferred, whether by means of sale, or in any other manner. Permission by law"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec2",
"section": "2",
"title": "Permission by law",
"content": "Article 1 shall not apply to categories of real estate and categories of transactions prescribed on this matter by law. Definition"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec3",
"section": "3",
"title": "Definition",
"content": "In this law \"real estate\" – land, houses, buildings, and anything permanently attached to the ground."
}
],
"definitions": []
}

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{
"id": "basic-law-jerusalem-1980",
"type": "statute",
"title": "חוק יסוד: ירושלים בירת ישראל",
"title_en": "Basic Law: Jerusalem, Capital of Israel, 5740-1980",
"short_name": "BL-JER",
"status": "in_force",
"issued_date": "1980-07-30",
"in_force_date": "1980-07-30",
"url": "https://m.knesset.gov.il/EN/activity/documents/BasicLawsPDF/BasicLawJerusalem.pdf",
"provisions": [
{
"provision_ref": "sec1",
"section": "1",
"title": "Jerusalem - the capital of Israel",
"content": "The complete and united Jerusalem is the capital of Israel. The seat of the President, the Knesset, the Government and the Supreme Court"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec2",
"section": "2",
"title": "President, the Knesset, the Government and the Supreme Court",
"content": "Jerusalem is the seat of the President of the State, the Knesset, the Government, and the Supreme Court. Protection of the Holy Places"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec3",
"section": "3",
"title": "Protection of the Holy Places",
"content": "The Holy Places shall be protected against desecration, and any other violation, and against anything that is liable to violate the freedom of access of members of the various religions to the places sacred to them, or to offend their feelings towards those places. The development of Jerusalem"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec4",
"section": "4",
"title": "The development of Jerusalem",
"content": "(a) The Government shall pursue the development and prosperity of Jerusalem, and the welfare of its inhabitants, by allocating special resources, including a special annual grant to the Municipality of Jerusalem (Capital City Grant), with the approval of the Knesset Finance Committee. (b) Jerusalem shall be granted special priorities in the activities of the State authorities for the development of Jerusalem in market and economic issues, and in other issues. (c) The Government shall set up a special body or bodies to implement this article. The confines of the territory of Jerusalem (Amendment No. 1)"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec5",
"section": "5",
"title": "The confines of the territory of Jerusalem",
"content": "Inter alia, the limits of Jerusalem include, for the purpose of this Basic Law, the whole area described in the addendum to the declaration of the expansion of the limits of the Jerusalem municipality of 20 Sivan 5727 (June 28, 1967), that was issued under the Municipalities Ordinance. Prohibition to delegate powers (Amendment No. 1 & 2)"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec6",
"section": "6",
"title": "Prohibition to delegate powers (Amendment No. 1 & 2)",
"content": "No powers concerning the limits of the Jerusalem Municipality area, including the area described in the addendum on the expansion of the area of the municipality of Jerusalem on 20 Sivan 5767 (June 28, 1967) that was issued under the Municipalities Ordinance, and all as was in force on the day of the beginning of Basic-Law: Jerusalem the Capital of Israel (Amendment No. 2), shall be transferred to a foreign political or governing power, or to another similar foreign authority, whether permanently or for a given period. Rigidity (Amendments No. 1 & 2)"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec7",
"section": "7",
"title": "Rigidity (Amendments No. 1 & 2)",
"content": "The provisions of article 6 are not to be changed, save by a Basic law adopted by a majority of eighty Members of the Knesset. The provisions of this article are not to be changed save by means of a basic law adopted by a majority of the Knesset Members. (Adopted on December 7, 2000) Intention"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec1",
"section": "1",
"title": "Intention",
"content": "This Basic Law is designed to lay down in Basic-Law: Jerusalem the Capital of Israel, a limitation on a change of the confines of the territory of Jerusalem, and the application of the law, jurisdiction and administration of the State of Israel in this territory, and is also designed to prohibit the transfer of any sort of governmental or municipal authority, relating to the territory of Jerusalem, to any body, which does not act by force of a law of the State of Israel. Retention of laws."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec2",
"section": "2",
"title": "Retention of laws.",
"content": "The amendment was integrated into articles 5-7 of the main law."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec3",
"section": "3",
"title": "The amendment was integrated into articles 5-7 of the main law.",
"content": "Nothing in the provisions of this Basic-Law will detract from the provisions of the Law for the Implementation of the Interim Agreement Regarding the West Bank and the Gaza Strip (limitation of activity) 5755-1994, or any previous legal provision."
}
],
"definitions": []
}

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{
"id": "basic-law-legislation-2001",
"type": "statute",
"title": "חוק יסוד: חקיקה",
"title_en": "Basic Law: Legislation (draft — not yet enacted)",
"short_name": "BL-LEG",
"status": "not_yet_in_force",
"issued_date": "2001-01-01",
"in_force_date": "2001-01-01",
"url": "https://www.knesset.gov.il/laws/special/eng/BasicLawLegislation.pdf",
"description": "Basic Law: Legislation is a proposed Basic Law intended to define the legislative process of the Knesset. It was introduced as a draft but has not yet been enacted into law.",
"provisions": [
{
"provision_ref": "sec1",
"section": "1",
"title": "Legislative Authority",
"content": "Section 1. The Knesset is the legislative authority of the State."
}
],
"definitions": []
}

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{
"id": "basic-law-nation-state-2018",
"type": "statute",
"title": "חוק יסוד: ישראל – מדינת הלאום של העם היהודי",
"title_en": "Basic Law: Israel - The Nation State of the Jewish People, 5778-2018",
"short_name": "BL-NS",
"status": "in_force",
"issued_date": "2018-07-19",
"in_force_date": "2018-07-19",
"url": "https://m.knesset.gov.il/EN/activity/documents/BasicLawsPDF/BasicLawNationState.pdf",
"provisions": [
{
"provision_ref": "sec2",
"section": "2",
"title": "1.",
"content": "(a) The Land of Israel is the historical homeland of the Jewish People, in which the State of Israel was established. (b) The State of Israel is the nation state of the Jewish People in which it realizes its natural, cultural, religious and historical right to self-determination. (c) The realization of the right to national selfdetermination in the State of Israel is exclusive to the Jewish People. (a) The name of the State is \"Israel\" (b) The State flag is white, with two light-blue stripes close to the edges, and a light-blue Star of David in the centre. (c) The State emblem is a seven-branched menorah with olive leaves on both sides, and the word \"Israel\" beneath it. (d) The national anthem is \"Hatikvah\". (e) Details regarding the State symbols shall be prescribed by law. The capital of the State"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec3",
"section": "3",
"title": "The capital of the State",
"content": "The complete and united Jerusalem is the capital of Israel. Language"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec4",
"section": "4",
"title": "Language",
"content": "(a) Hebrew is the language of the State. (b) Arabic has a special status in the State. Regulation of the use of Arabic in state institutions or in contacts with them shall be prescribed by law. (c) Nothing in this article shall compromise the status given to the Arabic language in practice, before this basic-law came into force. Ingathering of the exiles"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec5",
"section": "5",
"title": "Ingathering of the exiles",
"content": "The State shall be open to Jewish immigration, and the ingathering of the exiles. The connection to the Jewish People"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec6",
"section": "6",
"title": "The connection to the Jewish People",
"content": "(a) The State shall strive to secure the welfare of members of the Jewish People and of its citizens, who are in straits and in captivity, due to their Jewishness or due to their citizenship. (b) The State shall act in the Diaspora, to strengthen the affinity between the State and members of the Jewish People. (c) The State shall act to preserve the cultural, historical, and religious heritage of the Jewish People among Jews of the Diaspora. Jewish settlement"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec7",
"section": "7",
"title": "Jewish settlement",
"content": "The State views the development of Jewish settlement as a national value, and shall act to encourage and promote its establishment and consolidation. Official calendar"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec8",
"section": "8",
"title": "Official calendar",
"content": "The Hebrew calendar is the official calendar of the State, and side by side with it, the Gregorian calendar shall be used as an official calendar. The use of the Hebrew calendar and the Gregorian calendar shall be prescribed by law. Independence Day and memorial days"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec9",
"section": "9",
"title": "Independence Day and memorial days",
"content": "(a) Independence Day is the official national holiday of the State. (b) Memorial Day for the Fallen in Israel's Wars, and the Remembrance Day for the Holocaust and Martyrdom, are official memorial days of the State. Days of rest and statutory holidays"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec10",
"section": "10",
"title": "Days of rest and statutory holidays",
"content": "The Sabbath and the Jewish holidays are the established days of rest in the State. Those who are not Jewish have the right to keep days of rest on their days of rest and holidays. Details regarding this matter shall be prescribed by law. Rigidity"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec11",
"section": "11",
"title": "Rigidity",
"content": "This basic-law may not be changed save by means of a basiclaw, adopted by a majority of the Knesset Members."
}
],
"definitions": []
}

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{
"id": "basic-law-referendum-2014",
"type": "statute",
"title": "חוק יסוד: משאל עם",
"title_en": "Basic Law: Referendum, 5774-2014",
"short_name": "BL-REF",
"status": "in_force",
"issued_date": "2014-03-12",
"in_force_date": "2014-03-12",
"url": "https://m.knesset.gov.il/EN/activity/documents/BasicLawsPDF/BasicLawReferendum.pdf",
"provisions": [
{
"provision_ref": "sec2",
"section": "2",
"title": "1.",
"content": "(a) Should the Government decide to ratify an agreement, or sign an agreement, according to which the law, jurisdiction and administration of the State of Israel shall no longer apply to territory in which they currently apply, including an agreement that involves a future undertaking, and a conditioned undertaking, after the agreement has been approved by the Knesset by a majority of its members, it shall require approval in a referendum, unless it has been approved by a majority of 80 Members of the Knesset. (b) Should the Government decide, by means other than an agreement, that the law, jurisdiction and administration of the State of Israel shall no longer apply to territory in which they currently apply, after the decision has been approved by the Knesset by a majority of its members, it shall require approval in a referendum, unless it has been approved by a majority of 80 Members of the Knesset. Anyone who would have had the right to participate in elections to the Knesset, were they to take place on the date on which the referendum is to be held, is entitled to participate in the referendum. Application of provisions"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec3",
"section": "3",
"title": "Application of provisions",
"content": "The legal provisions that apply to elections to the Knesset shall apply to the holding of the referendum, with the necessary adjustments, and changes prescribed by law. Stability"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec4",
"section": "4",
"title": "Stability",
"content": "Emergency regulations do not have the power to change this Basic Law, to temporarily invalidate it, or to set conditions to it. Rigidity"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec5",
"section": "5",
"title": "Rigidity",
"content": "This Basic Law can only be changed by means of a basic law adopted by a majority of the Knesset Members."
}
],
"definitions": []
}

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{
"id": "basic-law-the-army-1976",
"type": "statute",
"title": "חוק יסוד: הצבא",
"title_en": "Basic Law: The Military, 5736-1976",
"short_name": "BL-MIL",
"status": "in_force",
"issued_date": "1976-04-01",
"in_force_date": "1976-04-01",
"url": "https://www.knesset.gov.il/laws/special/eng/BasicLawArmy.pdf",
"description": "Basic Law: The Military (5736-1976) establishes the constitutional framework for the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). It defines the army as subject to the authority of the Government, regulates military service obligations, and provides the constitutional basis for the Defense Service Law.",
"provisions": [
{
"provision_ref": "sec1",
"section": "1",
"title": "Army of the State",
"content": "Section 1. The defense army of Israel is the army of the State."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec2",
"section": "2",
"title": "Subordination to Government",
"content": "Section 2. The army is subject to the authority of the Government."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec3",
"section": "3",
"title": "Minister of Defense",
"content": "Section 3. The Minister charged with the army on behalf of the Government is the Minister of Defense."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec4",
"section": "4",
"title": "Chief of Staff",
"content": "Section 4. The supreme command level in the army is the Chief of the General Staff. The Chief of the General Staff is subject to the authority of the Government and subordinate to the Minister of Defense."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec5",
"section": "5",
"title": "Duty of Service",
"content": "Section 5. The duty to serve in the army and the conditions of such service shall be prescribed by law or by regulations made by virtue of law."
}
],
"definitions": []
}

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{
"id": "basic-law-the-judiciary-1984",
"type": "statute",
"title": "חוק יסוד: השפיטה",
"title_en": "Basic Law: The Judiciary, 5744-1984",
"short_name": "BL-JUD",
"status": "in_force",
"issued_date": "1984-02-28",
"in_force_date": "1984-02-28",
"url": "https://m.knesset.gov.il/EN/activity/documents/BasicLawsPDF/BasicLawTheJudiciary.pdf",
"provisions": [
{
"provision_ref": "sec1",
"section": "1",
"title": "Chapter A: Basic Provisions Power of adjudication",
"content": "(a) The following courts are vested with the power of adjudication: (1) The Supreme Court; (2) A district court; (3) A magistrates' court; (4) Another court designated by law as a court of law; In this law, \"judge\" - a judge of a court as aforesaid. (b) The power of adjudication is also vested in the following: (1) A religious court (beit din); (2) Another tribunal; (3) Another authority; and all as prescribed by law. (c) No court or tribunal shall be set up for a particular case. Independence"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec2",
"section": "2",
"title": "Independence",
"content": "Whoever is vested with the power of adjudication shall not be subject to any authority regarding matters of adjudication, except for that of the law. Openness of deliberations"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec3",
"section": "3",
"title": "Openness of deliberations",
"content": "A court shall hold its deliberations in public, unless it has been otherwise prescribed by law, or if the court has instructed otherwise in accordance with the law. Chapter B: The Judges Appointment of judges Nationality"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec5",
"section": "5",
"title": "4.",
"content": "(a) A judge shall be appointed by the President of the State, in accordance with the selection of the Committee for the Selection of Judges. (b) The Committee shall be made up of nine members, who are the President of the Supreme Court, two other justices of the Supreme Court chosen by their fellow justices, the Minister of Justice and another Minister assigned by the Government, two Members of the Knesset selected by the Knesset, and two representatives of the Bar Association, selected by the National Council of the Association. The Minister of Justice shall be the Chairperson of the Committee. (c) The Committee may operate even if the number of its members has decreased, as long as it is no less than seven. Only an Israeli citizen can be appointed as judge. Declaration of allegiance"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec6",
"section": "6",
"title": "Declaration of allegiance",
"content": "Whoever is appointed as judge, shall make a declaration of allegiance before the President of the State. And these are the words of the declaration: \"I pledge myself to keep allegiance to the State of Israel and its laws, to administer justice fairly, to avoid subverting justice, and to avoid demonstrating favor\". Tenure of office (Amendment No. 2)"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec7",
"section": "7",
"title": "Tenure of office",
"content": "The service of a judge shall begin upon his declaration of allegiance, and shall not terminate save in the event of one of the following: (1) His retirement on pension; (2) His resignation; (3) His election or appointment to one of the positions whose holders are prevented from being candidates for the Knesset; (4) Upon a decision by the Committee for the Selection of Judges, proposed by the Chairperson of the Committee, the Ombudsman of Judges, or the President of the Supreme Court, and which was adopted by a majority of seven members at least. (5) Upon a decision of a Disciplinary Court. A judge who retired"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec8",
"section": "8",
"title": "A judge who retired",
"content": "A judge who retired on pension may be appointed to the position of a judge, for a period, in a manner and under conditions prescribed by law. Restriction on change of position"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec9",
"section": "9",
"title": "Restriction on change of position",
"content": "(a) A judge shall not be permanently transferred from the court where he is serving to a court elsewhere, save with the consent of the President of the Supreme Court, or pursuant of a decision of a Disciplinary Court. Salary and benefits"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec10",
"section": "10",
"title": "Salary and benefits",
"content": "(b) A judge shall not be appointed to a substitute position in a court of a lower instance, save with his consent. (a) The salaries of judges, and other payments made to them during or after their tenure of office, or to their heirs after their death, shall be prescribed by law, or by a decision of the Knesset, or of one of its Committees empowered by the Knesset for this purpose. (b) No decision shall be taken designed to reduce the salaries of judges only. Singularity of office"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec11",
"section": "11",
"title": "Singularity of office",
"content": "A judge shall not engage in an additional occupation, and shall not perform a public post, save in accordance with the law, or with the consent of the President of the Supreme Court, and the Minister of Justice. Criminal proceedings"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec12",
"section": "12",
"title": "Criminal proceedings",
"content": "(a) A criminal investigation shall not be opened against a judge, save with the consent of the Attorney General, and an indictment shall not be served against a judge save by the Attorney General. (b) A criminal charge shall not be tried against a judge save in a district court made up of three judges, unless the judge has agreed that the charge shall be tried in the usual manner. (c) The provisions of this article shall not apply to categories of offences prescribed by law. (a) A judge is subject to the jurisdiction of a Disciplinary Court. Disciplinary proceedings"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec13",
"section": "13",
"title": "Disciplinary proceedings",
"content": "Suspension (Amendment No. 1)"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec14",
"section": "14",
"title": "Suspension",
"content": "(b) The Disciplinary Court shall be made up of judges, or retired judges appointed by the President of the Supreme Court. (c) Provisions regarding the grounds for a disciplinary proceeding, the manner of filing complaints, the make-up of the bench, the powers of the Disciplinary Court, and the disciplinary measures it may impose, shall be prescribed by law. The rules of the proceedings shall be in accordance with the law. Should a complaint be made against a judge, or should a criminal investigation be opened against him, or should an indictment be filed against him, the President of the Supreme Court is entitled to suspend the judge for a period that he shall determine. Chapter C: The Courts The Supreme Court"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec15",
"section": "15",
"title": "Chapter C: The Courts The Supreme Court",
"content": "(a) The seat of the Supreme Court is Jerusalem. (b) The Supreme Court shall hear appeals against verdicts and other rulings of the District Courts. (c) The Supreme Court shall also sit as a High Court of Justice. When so sitting it shall deliberate matters, in which it deems it necessary to provide relief for the sake of justice, and are not under the jurisdiction of another court or tribunal. (d) Without prejudice to the generalness of the provisions in clause (c), the Supreme Court sitting as High Court of Justice, is authorized - (1) To grant orders for the release of persons unlawfully detained or imprisoned; (e) (2) To grant orders to state authorities, to local authorities, to their officials, and to other bodies and persons holding public office under the law, to act or refrain from acting while lawfully exercising their duties, and if they were unlawfully elected or appointed - to refrain from acting; (3) To grant orders to courts, to tribunals, and to bodies and persons with judicial or quasi-judicial authority under the law - save courts that this law relates to, and save religious courts - to deal with a certain matter, or avoid dealing with, or continue to deal with a certain matter, and cancel a proceeding held or a ruling given unlawfully; (4) To grant orders to religious courts to deal with a certain matter on the basis of their jurisdiction, or to avoid dealing or continuing to deal with a certain matter that falls outside their jurisdiction, provided that the court shall not entertain a request under this paragraph, should the appellant not have raised a question of jurisdiction at the earliest opportunity that he had; and if he did not have a reasonable opportunity to raise the question of jurisdiction before the ruling by the Religious Court, the court is entitled to quash a proceeding that took place, or a ruling that was given by the Religious Court without authority. Other powers of the Supreme Court shall be prescribed by law. Other courts"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec16",
"section": "16",
"title": "Other courts",
"content": "The establishment, powers, seat and jurisdiction areas of district courts, magistrates' courts, and other courts shall be in accordance with the law. Appeal"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec17",
"section": "17",
"title": "Appeal",
"content": "A verdict of a court in the first instance, may be appealed by right, save a verdict of the Supreme Court. Additional hearing"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec18",
"section": "18",
"title": "Additional hearing",
"content": "A matter adjudicated by the Supreme Court by a bench of three, may be heard again in the Supreme Court by a bench of five or more, on grounds prescribed by law, and in a manner prescribed in accordance with the law. Retrial"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec19",
"section": "19",
"title": "Retrial",
"content": "In a criminal matter, in which a final verdict has been given, a retrial may take place on grounds prescribed by law, and in a manner prescribed in accordance with the law. Established rule"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec20",
"section": "20",
"title": "Established rule",
"content": "(a) A rule established in a court shall guide a court of a lower instance. (b) A rule established in the Supreme Court shall bind every court, save the Supreme Court. Registrars"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec21",
"section": "21",
"title": "Registrars",
"content": "A court may have a registrar, whether he is or is not a judge. Chapter D: Miscellaneous Provisions Stability of the law"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec22",
"section": "22",
"title": "Chapter D: Miscellaneous Provisions Stability of the law",
"content": "Emergency regulations do not have the power to change this law, to temporarily suspend its validity, or to subject it to conditions. Provisions in the law"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec23",
"section": "23",
"title": "Provisions in the law",
"content": "In the following matters provisions shall be prescribed by law: (1) The manner of selecting the members of the Committee for the Selection of Judges, and the duration of their tenure of office; (2) Qualifications for serving as judges at the various levels; Provisions to be prescribed in accordance with the law"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec24",
"section": "24",
"title": "prescribed in accordance with the law",
"content": "(3) The manner of appointment of the President of the Supreme Court, the Deputy to the President of the Supreme Court, the President and Deputy President of a District Court and of a Magistrates' Court; (4) The conditions and procedures for terminating the service of a judge; (5) The manner of appointing an acting judge in another court, and the reassignment of a judge, temporarily or permanently, from the place where he serves to a court in a different location; (6) The procedures for suspending a judge, and a review of the suspension; (7) The cases which different levels of courts shall deal with, with a bench of a single, three or more judges; (8) The manner of determining which judge or judges shall hear a particular case. In the following matters provisions shall be prescribed in accordance with the law: (1) The administrative procedures of the courts, their determination, and the responsibility for their implementation; (2) The work procedures of the Committee for the Selection of Judges; (3) The manner in which a judge resigns; (4) the manner in which the registrar of a court is appointed, and his powers; (5) The number of judges, who will serve in the various levels and locations of the courts."
}
],
"definitions": []
}

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{
"id": "basic-law-the-president-1964",
"type": "statute",
"title": "חוק יסוד: נשיא המדינה",
"title_en": "Basic Law: The President of the State, 5724-1964",
"short_name": "BL-PRES",
"status": "in_force",
"issued_date": "1964-06-16",
"in_force_date": "1964-06-16",
"url": "https://m.knesset.gov.il/EN/activity/documents/BasicLawsPDF/BasicLawThePresident.pdf",
"provisions": [
{
"provision_ref": "sec1",
"section": "1",
"title": "Status",
"content": "The State is headed by a President. Place of residence"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec2",
"section": "2",
"title": "Place of residence",
"content": "The place of residence of the President of the State is Jerusalem. Election and term of office (Amendments Nos. 2 & 5"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec3",
"section": "3",
"title": "Election and term of office (Amendments Nos. 2 & 5",
"content": "(a) The President of the State is elected by the Knesset for seven years. The term of office shall be calculated on the basis of the Hebrew calendar. (b) The President of the State shall serve for a single term of office only. Eligibility (Amendment No. 5)"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec4",
"section": "4",
"title": "Eligibility",
"content": "Every Israeli citizen, who is a resident of Israel, is eligible to be a candidate for the office of President of the State. Date of election (Amendment No. 8)"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec5",
"section": "5",
"title": "Date of election",
"content": "The election of the President of the State shall be held no earlier than ninety days, and no later than thirty days before the expiration of the term of the serving President. Should the position of the President of the State fall vacant before the expiration of his term of office, the election shall be held within forty-five days from the day on which his position fell vacant. The Speaker of the Knesset, in consultation with the Deputy Speakers, shall set the election day, and shall inform all the Members of the Knesset in writing thereof, at least three weeks in advance. Should the date of the election fall outside one of the Knesset sessions, the Speaker of the Knesset shall convene the Knesset for the purpose of electing the President of the State. nomination of candidates (Amendment No. 8)"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec6",
"section": "6",
"title": "nomination of candidates",
"content": "(a) (b) Voting"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec7",
"section": "7",
"title": "Voting",
"content": "(1) The nomination of a candidate for the President of the State shall be submitted in writing to the Speaker of the Knesset, together with the written consent of the candidate, on the fourteenth day before the election day. A Member of the Knesset shall not participate in the nomination of more than one candidate. (2) Whoever is nominated by at least ten Members of the Knesset as a candidate shall be a candidate for the President of the State, unless the number of nominators fell below ten due to the deletion of the name of a Knesset Member as stated in paragraph (3). (3) Should a Member of the Knesset be party to nominating more than one candidate, the name of the Knesset Member shall be deleted from the list of the nominators of all the candidates who he nominated. Should the number of nominators of a candidate fall below ten due to the deletion of a name from the list of nominators, a Member of the Knesset who was not party to any nomination may add his name to the list of nominators of that candidate, no later than eight days before the election day. The Speaker of the Knesset shall inform all the Members of the Knesset in writing, no later than seven days before the day of the election, of every candidate who was nominated, and shall announce the candidates at the opening of the sitting at which the election is to be held. The election of the President of the State shall be by secret ballot at a Knesset sitting to be dedicated exclusively to this matter. Election by a majority of votes (Amendments Nos. 7 & 9) Declaration of allegiance"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec9",
"section": "9",
"title": "8.",
"content": "(a) Should there be two candidates or more, the candidate who received the votes of a majority of the Knesset Members – he is the one elected. Should no candidate receive such a majority, a second ballot is to be held. In the second vote only the two candidates who received the votes of the largest number of Knesset Members in the first vote shall stand for election. The candidate who received a majority of the votes of the Knesset Members participating in the second vote, and who have voted for one of the candidates – shall be elected. Should two candidates receive an equal number of votes, the voting shall be repeated. (b) Should there be only one candidate, the voting is to be held in his favor or against him, and he shall be the person elected should the votes in his favor surpass the votes against him. Should the number of votes in his favor be equal to the votes against him, the voting shall be repeated. (c) Should a President fail to be elected on the basis of clause (b), a reelection shall take place within thirty days from the day of the voting on the basis of the provisions of articles 5 to 7 and this article. However, the nomination of a candidate on the basis of article 6(a) shall be submitted no later than seven days before the day of the election. The elected President shall make and sign the following declaration of allegiance before the Knesset: \"I pledge myself to bear allegiance to the State of Israel and to its laws, and to faithfully perform my duties as President of the State\". Making the declaration and commencement of office"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec10",
"section": "10",
"title": "Making the declaration and commencement of office",
"content": "(a) The President-elect shall make his declaration upon the termination of the term of office of the previous President, or as close as possible beforehand, and shall begin to serve at the end of the term of office of the previous President. Responsibilities and powers (Amendments Nos. 3 & 6) 11 (b) Should the position of the President of the State fall vacant before the end of his term of office, the Presidentelect shall declare his allegiance as soon as possible after his election, and shall start to serve from the moment that he made his declaration. (a) The President of the State (1) Shall sign every law, other than laws relating to his powers; (2) Shall perform the duties assigned to him by BasicLaw: The Government; (3) Shall receive from the Government reports on its meetings; (4) Shall accredit the diplomatic representatives of the State, shall receive the credentials of diplomatic representatives sent to Israel by foreign states, shall empower the consular representatives of the State, and shall confirm appointments of consular representatives sent to Israel by foreign states; (5) Shall sign treaties with foreign states approved by the Knesset; (6) Shall carry out every responsibility assigned to him by law in connection with the appointment and removal from office of judges and other office holders. (b) The President of the State has the power to pardon offenders and modify sentences by reducing or commuting them. (c) The President of the State shall carry out any other responsibility, and hold every other power assigned to him by law. Countersignature (Amendments 3 & 6)"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec12",
"section": "12",
"title": "Countersignature",
"content": "The signature of the President of the State on an official document, requires the countersignature of the Prime Minister, or of another minister assigned by the Government, except for a document connected with the formation of the Government or the dissolution of the Knesset. Immunity in performance of duties"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec13",
"section": "13",
"title": "Immunity in performance of duties",
"content": "(a) The President of the State shall not be accountable to any court of law or tribunal for anything connected with his functions or powers, and shall be immune from any legal action on this account. (b) The President of the State is not obliged to disclose in giving evidence anything that came to his knowledge while performing his duties as President of the State. (c) The immunity of the President of the State on the basis of this article shall continue to apply also after he has ceased to be the President of the State. Immunity from criminal proceedings"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec14",
"section": "14",
"title": "Immunity from criminal proceedings",
"content": "The President of the State shall not face criminal charges. The period during which the President of the State cannot be prosecuted for an offence by force of this article shall not be counted as part of the period of obsolescence of the said offence. Evidence 15 Should the President be required to give evidence, the evidence shall be taken at such place and time as shall be determined in agreement with him. Salary and other payments (Amendment No. 1)"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec16",
"section": "16",
"title": "Salary and other payments (Amendment No. 1)",
"content": "The salary of the President of the State, and other payments made to him during his tenure of office, shall be determined by a decision of the Knesset, and it is entitled to authorize the Finance Committee for this purpose. Decisions on the basis of this article shall be published in the Official Gazette. Exclusivity of position"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec17",
"section": "17",
"title": "Exclusivity of position",
"content": "(a) The President of the State shall not serve in a post and shall not fulfill any position other than his post and position as President of the State, unless the Knesset House Committee has agreed to it. (b) The President of the State is exempt from any mandatory service. Travel abroad"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec18",
"section": "18",
"title": "Travel abroad",
"content": "The President of the State shall not leave the State boundaries save with the consent of the Government. Resignation (Amendment No. 10)"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec19",
"section": "19",
"title": "Resignation",
"content": "The President of the State is entitled to resign from his office by submitting a letter of resignation to the Speaker of the Knesset. The letter of resignation need not be countersigned. The position of the President shall become vacant after the letter of resignation has reached the Speaker of the Knesset. Removal of the President from office"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec20",
"section": "20",
"title": "Removal of the President from office",
"content": "(a) The Knesset is entitled, by means of a resolution, to remove the President of the State from office, should it decide that he is unworthy of his office due to conduct that is inappropriate for his status as President of the State. (b) The Knesset shall not remove the President of the State from office, save after a complaint was brought to the House Committee by at least twenty Members of the Knesset, and on the basis of a decision of the House Committee adopted by a majority of three quarters of the members of the Committee. The decision of the Knesset to remove the President from his office requires a majority of three quarters of its Members as well. Vacancy of the post for health reasons"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec21",
"section": "21",
"title": "Vacancy of the post for health reasons",
"content": "(c) The House Committee shall not propose the removal of the President of the State from his office, unless he has been given the opportunity to refute the complaint on the basis of the procedure laid down by the Committee with the approval of the Knesset, and the Knesset shall not decide to remove the President of the State from his office save after he has been given the opportunity to have his say on the basis of the procedure laid down by the House Committee with the approval of the Knesset. (d) The President of the State is entitled to be represented before the House Committee and before the Knesset by his council, as long as a Member of the Knesset shall not serve as council of the President. The House Committee and the Knesset are entitled to invite the President of the State to be present during the deliberations on the basis of this article. (e) The Knesset deliberations on the basis of this article shall be held in a sitting designated to this matter alone, or in successive sittings designated as stated. The debate shall begin no later than twenty days after the decision of the House Committee. The Speaker of the Knesset shall inform all the Knesset Members in writing of the time of its beginning, at least ten days in advance. Should the beginning of the debate not occur during one of the Knesset sessions, the Speaker of the Knesset shall convene the Knesset in order to hold the debate. (a) The Knesset is entitled, in a resolution taken by a majority of its Members, to declare that for health reasons the President of the State is permanently unable to perform his duties. (b) The Knesset shall not adopt the said resolution, save in accordance with a proposal of the House Committee adopted by two thirds of its Members, on the basis of a medical opinion submitted according to rules laid down by the Committee."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec22",
"section": "22",
"title": "adopted by two thirds of its Members, on the basis of a medical opinion submitted according to rules laid down by the Committee.",
"content": "22.. (c) Should the Knesset adopt a resolution as aforesaid, the office of the President of the State shall become vacant from the day of the resolution. (a) The President of the State shall temporarily cease to perform his duties, and exercise his powers - (b) (1) Should he leave the borders of the State - from the time of his departure until his return; (2) Should he notify the House Committee that he is temporarily unable to perform his duties, and the House Committee has approved his notification by a majority of the votes - from the approval of his announcement until the end of the period, which the Committee has fixed, or until the President of the State has notified the House Committee that he is no longer unable to perform his duties, whichever is the earlier date; (3) Should the House Committee decide by a majority of two thirds of its members, on the basis of a medical opinion submitted in accordance with the rules prescribed by the Committee, that for health reasons the President of the State is temporarily unable to perform his duties - from the adoption of the decision until the end of the period fixed by the Committee in its decision, or until it has decided that the President is no longer unable to perform his duties. The House Committee shall not prescribe, in accordance with clause (a)(2) or (3), a period of over three months. It is entitled to prolong it, consecutively, for no more than three additional months. A prolongation of the period for above this period requires a resolution by the Knesset adopted by a majority of the Knesset Members, on the basis of a proposal by the House Committee. Acting President and substitute Notices in the Official Gazette"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec24",
"section": "24",
"title": "23.",
"content": "(a) Should the position of the President of the State be vacated, and as long as the new President of the State has not assumed office, the Speaker of the Knesset shall serve as Acting President of the State. (b) During the period that the President of the State has temporarily ceased to perform his duties and exercise his powers, the Speaker of the Knesset shall substitute for the President of the State. (c) While serving as Acting President of the State, or as the substitute of the President of the State, the Speaker of the Knesset shall perform the functions assigned to the President of the State by law and exercise the powers vested in the President of the State by law. (a) The Speaker of the Knesset shall publish a notice in the Official Gazette with regards to the following - (b) (1) The commencement of the service of the President of the State; (2) The vacating of the position of the President of the State; (3) The commencement of the service of the Speaker of the Knesset as the substitute of the President of the State, and the termination of this service, on the basis of article 22(a)(2) or (3). The Prime Minister shall publish a notice in the Official Gazette regarding the departure of the President of the State from the borders of the State. Stability of the law"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec25",
"section": "25",
"title": "Stability of the law",
"content": "Notwithstanding the provisions of any other law, Emergency Regulations cannot change, temporarily suspend, or condition this law. Repeal"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec26",
"section": "26",
"title": "Repeal",
"content": "(a) (b) Transitional provisions"
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec27",
"section": "27",
"title": "Transitional provisions",
"content": "The following are repealed - (1) Articles 2(c), 6 and 7 of the Transition Law, 57091949; (2) The Office of the President of the State Law, 5712-1951. The Law for Determining the Salaries of the President of the State, the Members of the Government, and the Chief Rabbis of Israel, 5711-1950, shall no longer apply to the salary of the President of the State, or to the payments due to him or his heirs. The President of the State elected by the Knesset on 27 Iyar 5723 (21 May, 1963), shall be considered to have been elected on the basis of this law, and to have served in accordance with it."
}
],
"definitions": []
}

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{
"id": "civil-procedure-regulations-1984",
"type": "statute",
"title": "תקנות סדר הדין האזרחי, תשמ\"ד-1984",
"title_en": "Civil Procedure Regulations, 5744-1984",
"short_name": "CPR",
"status": "in_force",
"issued_date": "1984-01-01",
"in_force_date": "1984-01-01",
"url": "https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/999_103.htm",
"description": "The Civil Procedure Regulations 5744-1984 govern civil litigation procedures in Israeli courts. They address pleadings, discovery, interim remedies, trial procedure, evidence, and enforcement of judgments. The regulations include provisions on electronic filing and electronic discovery.",
"provisions": [
{
"provision_ref": "reg1",
"section": "1",
"title": "Scope",
"content": "Regulation 1. These Regulations apply to all civil proceedings in the Magistrate's Courts and District Courts of Israel."
},
{
"provision_ref": "reg30",
"section": "30",
"title": "Discovery",
"content": "Regulation 30. (a) After the filing of a defense, either party may serve a notice on the other requiring the production of documents relevant to the case. (b) The notice may specify categories of documents, including electronic documents and computer records."
},
{
"provision_ref": "reg362",
"section": "362",
"title": "Interim Injunctions",
"content": "Regulation 362. The court may grant an interim injunction restraining a party from performing an act or requiring a party to perform an act, if the court is satisfied that the applicant has a prima facie case and the balance of convenience favors the grant of the injunction."
},
{
"provision_ref": "reg500",
"section": "500",
"title": "Electronic Filing",
"content": "Regulation 500. Court documents may be filed electronically through the court's electronic filing system, subject to technical requirements prescribed by the Director of Courts."
}
],
"definitions": []
}

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{
"id": "civil-wrongs-ordinance-1968",
"type": "statute",
"title": "פקודת הנזיקין [נוסח חדש], תשכ\"ט-1968",
"title_en": "Civil Wrongs Ordinance (New Version), 5728-1968",
"short_name": "CWO",
"status": "in_force",
"issued_date": "1968-01-01",
"in_force_date": "1968-01-01",
"url": "https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/p230_001.htm",
"description": "The Civil Wrongs Ordinance (New Version) 5728-1968 is the primary tort law statute in Israel. It establishes the framework for negligence, breach of statutory duty, trespass, nuisance, defamation, and other civil wrongs. Relevant to data breach liability, negligent data handling, and cybersecurity malpractice claims.",
"provisions": [
{
"provision_ref": "sec35",
"section": "35",
"title": "Negligence",
"content": "Section 35. If a person does an act that a reasonable person would not do in the same circumstances, or fails to do an act that a reasonable person would do, and thereby causes damage to another, that constitutes negligence."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec36",
"section": "36",
"title": "Duty of Care",
"content": "Section 36. A person owes a duty of care to another if a reasonable person in the same position ought to have foreseen that the other might be harmed by the act or omission in the circumstances of the case."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec63",
"section": "63",
"title": "Breach of Statutory Duty",
"content": "Section 63. Where a statute prescribes a duty and its breach is actionable, a person who breaches the statutory duty is liable in tort to any person who suffers damage as a result of the breach, if the statute was intended for the protection of that person."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec68",
"section": "68",
"title": "Measure of Damages",
"content": "Section 68. In an action in tort, the court shall award damages as will, so far as money can do, restore the injured party to the position he would have been in had the tort not been committed."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec76",
"section": "76",
"title": "Contributory Negligence",
"content": "Section 76. Where the injured party contributed to the damage by his own negligence, the court shall apportion liability between the parties according to the degree of responsibility of each."
}
],
"definitions": []
}

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{
"id": "consumer-protection-law-1981",
"type": "statute",
"title": "חוק הגנת הצרכן, תשמ\"א-1981",
"title_en": "Consumer Protection Law, 5741-1981",
"short_name": "CPL",
"status": "in_force",
"issued_date": "1981-03-12",
"in_force_date": "1981-09-01",
"url": "https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/999_075.htm",
"description": "The Consumer Protection Law 5741-1981 protects consumers against unfair business practices, misleading advertising, and defective goods and services. It establishes disclosure requirements, cooling-off periods for distance selling, and class action provisions. The law is relevant to digital commerce, online services, and SaaS agreements.",
"provisions": [
{
"provision_ref": "sec1",
"section": "1",
"title": "Definitions",
"content": "Section 1. In this Law: \"consumer\" - a person who purchases or receives a product or service from a dealer; \"dealer\" - a person who sells or provides a product or service in the course of business; \"product\" - movable property and immovable property, including rights."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec2",
"section": "2",
"title": "Misleading Conduct",
"content": "Section 2. No dealer shall, by act or omission, by oral or written statement, or in any other manner, mislead a consumer in any material matter relating to a transaction."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec4",
"section": "4",
"title": "Disclosure Requirements",
"content": "Section 4. A dealer shall disclose to a consumer, before a transaction, all material information regarding the product or service, including its essential characteristics, price, warranty, and any known defects."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec14A",
"section": "14A",
"title": "Distance Selling Cancellation",
"content": "Section 14A. (a) A consumer who has entered into a transaction by distance selling (including internet, telephone, or mail order) may cancel the transaction within 14 days of receipt of the product or the making of the contract, whichever is later. (b) In case of cancellation, the dealer shall refund the payment within 14 days."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec18",
"section": "18",
"title": "Unfair Contract Terms",
"content": "Section 18. A court may declare void or modify a contract term that is unfair or unconscionable, taking into account the circumstances of the transaction and the relative bargaining power of the parties."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec31",
"section": "31",
"title": "Class Actions",
"content": "Section 31. A consumer may bring a class action on behalf of a group of consumers who have been similarly affected by a dealer's violation of this Law."
}
],
"definitions": [
{
"term": "consumer",
"definition": "A person who purchases or receives a product or service from a dealer",
"source_provision": "sec1"
},
{
"term": "dealer",
"definition": "A person who sells or provides a product or service in the course of business",
"source_provision": "sec1"
}
]
}

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{
"id": "contracts-general-part-law-1973",
"type": "statute",
"title": "חוק החוזים (חלק כללי), תשל\"ד-1973",
"title_en": "Contracts (General Part) Law, 5733-1973",
"short_name": "CGL",
"status": "in_force",
"issued_date": "1973-04-10",
"in_force_date": "1973-04-10",
"url": "https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/067_001.htm",
"description": "The Contracts (General Part) Law 5733-1973 establishes the general principles of contract law in Israel. It governs the formation, interpretation, validity, and performance of contracts, including electronic contracts and digital agreements.",
"provisions": [
{
"provision_ref": "sec1",
"section": "1",
"title": "Formation of Contract",
"content": "Section 1. A contract is formed by an offer made by one person to another and acceptance of the offer by the offeree."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec2",
"section": "2",
"title": "Offer",
"content": "Section 2. An offer to enter into a contract is a proposal made by one person to another expressing willingness to enter into a contract on specified terms."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec12",
"section": "12",
"title": "Good Faith",
"content": "Section 12. (a) In negotiating a contract, each party shall act in good faith and in a customary manner. (b) A party who does not act in good faith is liable for damage caused to the other party through reliance on the negotiation."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec14",
"section": "14",
"title": "Mistake",
"content": "Section 14. (a) A contract made as a result of a mistake may be voidable if the mistake was material and the other party knew or should have known of the mistake. (b) A contract made as a result of a fundamental mistake, shared by both parties, may be void."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec25",
"section": "25",
"title": "Interpretation",
"content": "Section 25. A contract shall be interpreted according to the intention of the parties as evident from the contract, read as a whole, and in the light of the surrounding circumstances."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec39",
"section": "39",
"title": "Performance in Good Faith",
"content": "Section 39. In performing a contractual obligation and exercising a contractual right, each party shall act in good faith and in a customary manner."
}
],
"definitions": []
}

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{
"id": "copyright-law-2007",
"type": "statute",
"title": "חוק זכות יוצרים, תשס\"ח-2007",
"title_en": "Copyright Law, 5768-2007",
"short_name": "CopyL",
"status": "in_force",
"issued_date": "2007-11-19",
"in_force_date": "2008-05-25",
"url": "https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/999_701.htm",
"description": "The Copyright Law 5768-2007 provides comprehensive copyright protection in Israel, replacing the pre-state Copyright Ordinance. It covers literary, artistic, dramatic, and musical works, computer programs, databases, broadcasts, and sound recordings. The law addresses digital rights management, ISP liability, and fair use.",
"provisions": [
{
"provision_ref": "sec1",
"section": "1",
"title": "Definitions",
"content": "Section 1. In this Law: \"work\" - a literary work, artistic work, dramatic work, or musical work; \"literary work\" includes a computer program and a compilation of data (database); \"copyright\" - the exclusive right to perform the acts specified in Section 11 in respect of a work."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec4",
"section": "4",
"title": "Copyright Subsistence",
"content": "Section 4. Copyright subsists in a work that is original and is fixed in any form."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec11",
"section": "11",
"title": "Exclusive Rights",
"content": "Section 11. The owner of a copyright in a work has the exclusive right to: (1) reproduce the work; (2) publish the work; (3) perform the work in public; (4) broadcast the work; (5) make the work available to the public; (6) make an adaptation of the work; (7) rent a copy of the work (for sound recordings and computer programs)."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec19",
"section": "19",
"title": "Fair Use",
"content": "Section 19. (a) Fair use of a work is permitted for purposes such as: private study, research, criticism, review, reporting, quotation, or instruction and examination by an educational institution. (b) In determining whether a use is fair, the following factors shall be considered: (1) the purpose and character of the use; (2) the character of the work used; (3) the extent of the use; (4) the effect on the market value of the work."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec50",
"section": "50",
"title": "Technological Protection Measures",
"content": "Section 50. No person shall circumvent a technological measure that effectively controls access to a copyrighted work or prevents the exercise of an act that constitutes an infringement of copyright. A person who circumvents such measures is liable as if he had infringed the copyright."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec53",
"section": "53",
"title": "ISP Liability",
"content": "Section 53. An internet service provider shall not be liable for copyright infringement committed by a user of its service if the provider: (a) did not know of the infringing activity; (b) upon receiving notice, acted expeditiously to remove or disable access to the infringing material."
}
],
"definitions": [
{
"term": "work",
"definition": "A literary work, artistic work, dramatic work, or musical work",
"source_provision": "sec1"
},
{
"term": "literary work",
"definition": "Includes a computer program and a compilation of data (database)",
"source_provision": "sec1"
},
{
"term": "copyright",
"definition": "The exclusive right to perform acts specified in Section 11 in respect of a work",
"source_provision": "sec1"
}
]
}

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{
"id": "courts-law-1984",
"type": "statute",
"title": "חוק בתי המשפט [נוסח משולב], תשמ\"ד-1984",
"title_en": "Courts Law (Consolidated Version), 5744-1984",
"short_name": "CtL",
"status": "in_force",
"issued_date": "1984-01-01",
"in_force_date": "1984-01-01",
"url": "https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/999_104.htm",
"description": "The Courts Law (Consolidated Version) 5744-1984 establishes the structure and jurisdiction of the Israeli court system. It defines the hierarchy of courts (Magistrate, District, Supreme), jurisdiction rules, judicial appointment, and procedural matters.",
"provisions": [
{
"provision_ref": "sec1",
"section": "1",
"title": "Court System",
"content": "Section 1. The courts in Israel are: (1) the Magistrate's Court; (2) the District Court; (3) the Supreme Court."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec51",
"section": "51",
"title": "Magistrate's Court Jurisdiction",
"content": "Section 51. A Magistrate's Court has jurisdiction in civil claims not exceeding 2,500,000 NIS and in criminal offenses punishable by up to 7 years imprisonment."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec40",
"section": "40",
"title": "District Court Jurisdiction",
"content": "Section 40. The District Court has jurisdiction as a court of first instance in civil claims exceeding the monetary jurisdiction of the Magistrate's Court, in administrative petitions, and as an appellate court for decisions of the Magistrate's Court."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec26",
"section": "26",
"title": "Supreme Court",
"content": "Section 26. The Supreme Court sits as a court of appeal from the District Court and, sitting as the High Court of Justice, has jurisdiction to issue orders to state authorities and public bodies."
}
],
"definitions": []
}

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{
"id": "criminal-procedure-law-1982",
"type": "statute",
"title": "חוק סדר הדין הפלילי [נוסח משולב], תשמ\"ב-1982",
"title_en": "Criminal Procedure Law (Consolidated Version), 5742-1982",
"short_name": "CrimPL",
"status": "in_force",
"issued_date": "1982-01-01",
"in_force_date": "1982-01-01",
"url": "https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/999_092.htm",
"description": "The Criminal Procedure Law (Consolidated Version) 5742-1982 governs criminal procedure in Israel from investigation through trial, sentencing, and appeal. It is relevant to cybercrime prosecution and digital forensics.",
"provisions": [
{
"provision_ref": "sec1",
"section": "1",
"title": "Scope",
"content": "Section 1. This Law applies to all criminal proceedings in Israel."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec23",
"section": "23",
"title": "Search and Seizure",
"content": "Section 23. A court may issue a search warrant authorizing a police officer to enter premises and search for and seize evidence of an offense, including electronic devices and digital storage media."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec43",
"section": "43",
"title": "Arrest",
"content": "Section 43. A police officer may arrest a person without a warrant if the officer has reasonable grounds to believe that the person has committed or is about to commit an offense."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec60A",
"section": "60A",
"title": "Plea Bargain",
"content": "Section 60A. The prosecution and the accused may reach a plea agreement regarding the charges, the facts, and the punishment, subject to the approval of the court."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec74",
"section": "74",
"title": "Disclosure of Evidence",
"content": "Section 74. The prosecution shall disclose to the defense all evidence in its possession that is relevant to the case, including evidence favorable to the accused."
}
],
"definitions": []
}

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{
"id": "cyber-defense-law-2016",
"type": "statute",
"title": "הנחיית רשות הסייבר הלאומי להגנת הסייבר בגופים ציבוריים",
"title_en": "National Cyber Directorate - Cyber Defense Directive for Public Bodies, 2016",
"short_name": "CDD",
"status": "in_force",
"issued_date": "2016-02-14",
"in_force_date": "2016-02-14",
"url": "https://www.gov.il/en/departments/news/14022016_01",
"description": "The National Cyber Directorate (INCD) Cyber Defense Directive for Public Bodies (2016) establishes cybersecurity requirements for designated public bodies and critical infrastructure operators in Israel. Based on authority derived from the Regulation of Security in Public Bodies Law, this directive mandates risk assessments, security controls, incident reporting, and coordination with the National Cyber Directorate.",
"provisions": [
{
"provision_ref": "sec1",
"section": "1",
"title": "Scope",
"content": "Section 1. This Directive applies to public bodies designated by the National Cyber Directorate as requiring cyber defense measures, including government ministries, critical infrastructure operators, and other designated organizations."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec2",
"section": "2",
"title": "Cyber Risk Assessment",
"content": "Section 2. Each designated body shall conduct a comprehensive cyber risk assessment at least annually, identifying threats, vulnerabilities, and potential impacts to its information systems and operational technology."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec3",
"section": "3",
"title": "Security Controls",
"content": "Section 3. Designated bodies shall implement security controls based on the risk assessment, including: (a) access controls and identity management; (b) network security and segmentation; (c) endpoint protection; (d) data encryption in transit and at rest; (e) security monitoring and logging; (f) vulnerability management and patching."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec4",
"section": "4",
"title": "Incident Reporting",
"content": "Section 4. Designated bodies shall report significant cyber incidents to the National Cyber Directorate within 24 hours of detection. The report shall include the nature of the incident, systems affected, data compromised, and remediation actions taken."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec5",
"section": "5",
"title": "CISO Appointment",
"content": "Section 5. Each designated body shall appoint a Chief Information Security Officer (CISO) responsible for implementing and overseeing the cyber defense program."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec6",
"section": "6",
"title": "Annual Audit",
"content": "Section 6. Designated bodies shall undergo an annual cyber security audit conducted by a qualified external auditor, with results reported to the National Cyber Directorate."
}
],
"definitions": []
}

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{
"id": "database-registration-regulations-1986",
"type": "statute",
"title": "תקנות הגנת הפרטיות (רישום מאגרי מידע), תשמ\"ז-1986",
"title_en": "Protection of Privacy (Registration of Databases) Regulations, 5746-1986",
"short_name": "DBRR",
"status": "in_force",
"issued_date": "1986-01-01",
"in_force_date": "1986-01-01",
"url": "https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/999_121.htm",
"description": "The Protection of Privacy (Registration of Databases) Regulations 5746-1986 implement Section 8 of the Privacy Protection Law 1981. They require registration of databases containing personal information with the Registrar of Databases, including details about the database purpose, types of data stored, data sharing arrangements, and security measures.",
"provisions": [
{
"provision_ref": "reg1",
"section": "1",
"title": "Registration Requirement",
"content": "Regulation 1. Every database owner required to register under Section 8 of the Privacy Protection Law shall submit a registration application to the Registrar of Databases."
},
{
"provision_ref": "reg2",
"section": "2",
"title": "Registration Details",
"content": "Regulation 2. The registration application shall include: (a) the name and address of the database owner; (b) the purpose of the database; (c) the types of information stored; (d) the categories of data subjects; (e) the persons to whom information from the database may be transferred; (f) a description of security measures."
},
{
"provision_ref": "reg3",
"section": "3",
"title": "Changes",
"content": "Regulation 3. A database owner shall notify the Registrar of any material change in the particulars registered within 30 days of the change."
},
{
"provision_ref": "reg6",
"section": "6",
"title": "Public Register",
"content": "Regulation 6. The Registrar shall maintain a public register of databases. Any person may inspect the register and obtain information regarding registered databases."
}
],
"definitions": []
}

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{
"id": "defense-service-law-1986",
"type": "statute",
"title": "חוק שירות ביטחון [נוסח משולב], תשמ\"ז-1986",
"title_en": "Defense Service Law (Consolidated Version), 5746-1986",
"short_name": "DSL",
"status": "in_force",
"issued_date": "1986-01-01",
"in_force_date": "1986-01-01",
"url": "https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/999_114.htm",
"description": "The Defense Service Law (Consolidated Version) 5746-1986 regulates compulsory military service, reserve duty, and exemptions from service in Israel. It implements the constitutional framework established by Basic Law: The Military.",
"provisions": [
{
"provision_ref": "sec1",
"section": "1",
"title": "Duty of Service",
"content": "Section 1. Every Israeli citizen and permanent resident who has reached the age of 18 and has not been exempted or deferred is liable for defense service."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec13",
"section": "13",
"title": "Exemptions",
"content": "Section 13. The Minister of Defense may exempt from service persons who are medically unfit, persons who serve in other security forces, and other categories prescribed by law."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec20",
"section": "20",
"title": "Reserve Service",
"content": "Section 20. A person who has completed regular service is liable for reserve service until the age prescribed by law. Reserve service shall not exceed the maximum number of days prescribed per year."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec46",
"section": "46",
"title": "Confidentiality",
"content": "Section 46. Information obtained in the course of defense service regarding military matters, security matters, or personal information of service members shall be treated as confidential."
}
],
"definitions": []
}

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{
"id": "economic-competition-law-1988",
"type": "statute",
"title": "חוק התחרות הכלכלית, תשמ\"ט-1988",
"title_en": "Economic Competition Law, 5748-1988",
"short_name": "ECL",
"status": "in_force",
"issued_date": "1988-01-01",
"in_force_date": "1988-01-01",
"url": "https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/999_156.htm",
"description": "The Economic Competition Law 5748-1988 (formerly Restrictive Trade Practices Law) governs competition law and antitrust regulation in Israel. It establishes the Israel Competition Authority (formerly Antitrust Authority), prohibits anti-competitive agreements, regulates mergers, and addresses abuse of dominant position. Relevant to technology sector competition and digital markets.",
"provisions": [
{
"provision_ref": "sec1",
"section": "1",
"title": "Definitions",
"content": "Section 1. In this Law: \"restrictive arrangement\" - an arrangement between business competitors that restricts competition; \"monopoly\" - a person who supplies or acquires more than 50% of the total supply or acquisition of a particular asset or service; \"Competition Authority\" - the authority established under this Law."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec2",
"section": "2",
"title": "Prohibited Arrangements",
"content": "Section 2. (a) Parties to a restrictive arrangement shall not conduct business in accordance with the arrangement, unless the arrangement has been exempted or approved by the Competition Tribunal. (b) A restrictive arrangement includes: price-fixing, market allocation, bid rigging, output limitation, and resale price maintenance."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec26",
"section": "26",
"title": "Abuse of Dominant Position",
"content": "Section 26. A monopolist shall not abuse its position to reduce competition or harm the public. Abuse includes: charging excessive prices, discriminating between customers, refusing to deal, exclusive dealing, and tying arrangements."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec17",
"section": "17",
"title": "Merger Control",
"content": "Section 17. A proposed merger between companies is subject to the approval of the Commissioner of Competition if the combined turnover of the merging parties exceeds the threshold prescribed by the Minister of Economy."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec43",
"section": "43",
"title": "Enforcement",
"content": "Section 43. The Commissioner may investigate violations of this Law and may impose administrative sanctions, seek injunctions, or refer matters for criminal prosecution."
}
],
"definitions": [
{
"term": "restrictive arrangement",
"definition": "An arrangement between business competitors that restricts competition",
"source_provision": "sec1"
},
{
"term": "monopoly",
"definition": "A person who supplies or acquires more than 50% of the total supply or acquisition of a particular asset or service",
"source_provision": "sec1"
}
]
}

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{
"id": "emergency-powers-detention-law-1979",
"type": "statute",
"title": "חוק סמכויות שעת חירום (מעצרים), תשל\"י-1979",
"title_en": "Emergency Powers (Detention) Law, 5739-1979",
"short_name": "EPDL",
"status": "in_force",
"issued_date": "1979-01-01",
"in_force_date": "1979-01-01",
"url": "https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/073_006.htm",
"description": "The Emergency Powers (Detention) Law 5739-1979 authorizes administrative detention during states of emergency. It sets conditions for detention orders, judicial review requirements, and maximum detention periods. The law operates under the framework of the Basic Law: The Government emergency powers provisions.",
"provisions": [
{
"provision_ref": "sec1",
"section": "1",
"title": "Definitions",
"content": "Section 1. In this Law: \"detention order\" - an order issued by the Minister of Defense for the detention of a person; \"state of emergency\" - a state of emergency declared under the Basic Law: The Government."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec2",
"section": "2",
"title": "Power to Detain",
"content": "Section 2. During a state of emergency, the Minister of Defense may, by order, detain a person for a period not exceeding 6 months if the Minister has reasonable grounds to believe that the detention is necessary for reasons of state security or public safety."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec4",
"section": "4",
"title": "Judicial Review",
"content": "Section 4. (a) A person detained under this Law shall be brought before a judge within 48 hours of detention. (b) The judge shall review the detention and may confirm, modify, or cancel the detention order."
}
],
"definitions": []
}

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{
"id": "employment-equal-opportunities-law-1988",
"type": "statute",
"title": "חוק שוויון הזדמנויות בעבודה, תשמ\"ח-1988",
"title_en": "Employment (Equal Opportunities) Law, 5748-1988",
"short_name": "EEOL",
"status": "in_force",
"issued_date": "1988-03-01",
"in_force_date": "1988-03-01",
"url": "https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/999_138.htm",
"description": "The Employment (Equal Opportunities) Law 5748-1988 prohibits discrimination in employment on various grounds including sex, sexual orientation, age, race, religion, nationality, country of origin, pregnancy, parenthood, fertility treatments, and disability. It addresses hiring, terms of employment, promotion, training, dismissal, and severance.",
"provisions": [
{
"provision_ref": "sec2",
"section": "2",
"title": "Prohibited Discrimination",
"content": "Section 2. (a) An employer shall not discriminate among employees or job applicants on the basis of sex, sexual orientation, personal status, pregnancy, fertility treatment, parenthood, age, race, religion, nationality, country of origin, views, political party, or military reserve service."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec7",
"section": "7",
"title": "Sexual Harassment",
"content": "Section 7. An employer shall take reasonable measures to prevent sexual harassment and the abuse of authority in the workplace, in accordance with the Prevention of Sexual Harassment Law."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec9",
"section": "9",
"title": "Remedies",
"content": "Section 9. A labor court may order compensation of up to 50,000 NIS (without proof of damage) against an employer found to have discriminated in violation of this Law."
}
],
"definitions": []
}

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{
"id": "employment-law-1959",
"type": "statute",
"title": "חוק שירות התעסוקה, תשי\"ט-1959",
"title_en": "Employment Service Law, 5719-1959",
"short_name": "EmSL",
"status": "in_force",
"issued_date": "1959-01-01",
"in_force_date": "1959-01-01",
"url": "https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/017_002.htm",
"description": "The Employment Service Law 5719-1959 establishes the public employment service in Israel. It regulates the operation of employment agencies, job placement services, and worker protection in the hiring process.",
"provisions": [
{
"provision_ref": "sec1",
"section": "1",
"title": "Employment Service",
"content": "Section 1. There shall be a public employment service that shall assist in matching workers with employers."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec8",
"section": "8",
"title": "Private Employment Agencies",
"content": "Section 8. No person shall operate an employment agency except under a license issued by the Minister of Labor."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec13",
"section": "13",
"title": "Anti-Discrimination",
"content": "Section 13. An employment agency shall not discriminate against any person seeking employment on the basis of race, religion, sex, nationality, country of origin, sexual orientation, political opinion, or personal status."
}
],
"definitions": []
}

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{
"id": "encouragement-of-research-law-1984",
"type": "statute",
"title": "חוק לעידוד מחקר ופיתוח וחדשנות טכנולוגית בתעשייה, תשמ\"ד-1984",
"title_en": "Encouragement of Research, Development and Technological Innovation in Industry Law, 5744-1984",
"short_name": "RDTL",
"status": "in_force",
"issued_date": "1984-12-10",
"in_force_date": "1985-01-01",
"url": "https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/999_101.htm",
"description": "The Encouragement of Research, Development and Technological Innovation in Industry Law 5744-1984 (commonly known as the Innovation Authority Law, following 2016 amendments) establishes the Israel Innovation Authority (formerly Office of the Chief Scientist) and provides the framework for government support of R&D and technological innovation. It addresses IP protection, grant conditions, and restrictions on transfer of know-how abroad.",
"provisions": [
{
"provision_ref": "sec1",
"section": "1",
"title": "Purpose",
"content": "Section 1. The purpose of this Law is to encourage research, development, and technological innovation in Israeli industry for the purpose of developing the economy, improving the balance of payments, creating employment, and leveraging Israel's scientific and technological capabilities."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec3",
"section": "3",
"title": "Innovation Authority",
"content": "Section 3. The Israel Innovation Authority shall operate programs for the encouragement and support of research and development in Israeli industry."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec14",
"section": "14",
"title": "Grant Conditions",
"content": "Section 14. (a) The Innovation Authority may grant financial assistance for R&D programs that meet the criteria prescribed by the Research Committee. (b) Recipients of grants shall pay royalties to the Authority from the revenues generated by the supported R&D."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec19",
"section": "19",
"title": "Transfer of Know-How",
"content": "Section 19. (a) Know-how developed with funding from the Authority shall not be transferred abroad or to a foreign entity without the approval of the Research Committee. (b) Approval may be conditioned on the payment of increased royalties or other conditions to ensure that the benefits of the R&D remain in Israel."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec20",
"section": "20",
"title": "IP Rights",
"content": "Section 20. Intellectual property rights developed with the assistance of the Authority shall remain with the grant recipient, subject to the restrictions on transfer prescribed by this Law."
}
],
"definitions": []
}

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{
"id": "environmental-protection-law-2008",
"type": "statute",
"title": "חוק אוויר נקי, תשס\"ח-2008",
"title_en": "Clean Air Law, 5768-2008",
"short_name": "CAL",
"status": "in_force",
"issued_date": "2008-07-29",
"in_force_date": "2011-01-01",
"url": "https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/999_723.htm",
"description": "The Clean Air Law 5768-2008 regulates air pollution prevention and control in Israel. It establishes emission standards, permitting requirements, monitoring obligations, and enforcement mechanisms. Relevant to data center operations and industrial facility environmental compliance.",
"provisions": [
{
"provision_ref": "sec1",
"section": "1",
"title": "Purpose",
"content": "Section 1. The purpose of this Law is to bring about a significant improvement in air quality in Israel by preventing, reducing, and controlling air pollution, for the protection of human health and the environment."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec7",
"section": "7",
"title": "Emission Permit",
"content": "Section 7. A person who operates a source of air pollution designated by the Minister shall not do so without an emission permit issued under this Law."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec11",
"section": "11",
"title": "Emission Standards",
"content": "Section 11. The Minister of Environmental Protection shall prescribe emission standards for air pollutants, taking into account the best available technology and international standards."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec17",
"section": "17",
"title": "Monitoring and Reporting",
"content": "Section 17. A holder of an emission permit shall monitor emissions in accordance with the conditions of the permit and shall report the monitoring results to the Ministry of Environmental Protection."
}
],
"definitions": []
}

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{
"id": "evidence-ordinance-1971",
"type": "statute",
"title": "פקודת הראיות [נוסח חדש], תשל\"א-1971",
"title_en": "Evidence Ordinance (New Version), 5731-1971",
"short_name": "EO",
"status": "in_force",
"issued_date": "1971-01-01",
"in_force_date": "1971-01-01",
"url": "https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/p232_001.htm",
"description": "The Evidence Ordinance (New Version) 5731-1971 governs the law of evidence in Israeli courts. It covers admissibility, competence and compellability of witnesses, documentary evidence, expert evidence, and electronic evidence. The ordinance addresses admissibility of computer-generated records, digital evidence, and electronic documents.",
"provisions": [
{
"provision_ref": "sec1",
"section": "1",
"title": "Scope",
"content": "Section 1. This Ordinance governs the law of evidence in civil and criminal proceedings in Israel, unless otherwise provided by statute."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec3",
"section": "3",
"title": "Competence of Witnesses",
"content": "Section 3. Every person is competent to testify as a witness unless the court is satisfied that the person is incapable of understanding the duty to tell the truth."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec35",
"section": "35",
"title": "Documentary Evidence",
"content": "Section 35. A document is admissible in evidence if it is an original or a certified copy, and if its authenticity has been established in accordance with this Ordinance."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec36",
"section": "36",
"title": "Computer Records",
"content": "Section 36. (a) A printout of data stored in a computer is admissible in evidence if the court is satisfied that the computer was operating properly at the material time and that the data was regularly fed into the computer in the ordinary course of business. (b) Electronic records and computer-generated documents are admissible on the same terms."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec54",
"section": "54",
"title": "Privileged Communications",
"content": "Section 54. Communications between a person and his or her attorney are privileged and may not be disclosed in evidence without the consent of the client."
}
],
"definitions": []
}

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{
"id": "financial-services-regulation-law-2005",
"type": "statute",
"title": "חוק הפיקוח על שירותים פיננסיים, תשס\"ה-2005",
"title_en": "Financial Services Regulation (Financial Services) Law, 5765-2005",
"short_name": "FSRL",
"status": "in_force",
"issued_date": "2005-01-01",
"in_force_date": "2005-01-01",
"url": "https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/999_629.htm",
"description": "The Financial Services Regulation (Financial Services) Law 5765-2005 establishes the regulatory framework for non-banking financial services in Israel, including investment advice, portfolio management, and financial marketing. It requires licensing, imposes conduct-of-business rules, and includes client data protection obligations.",
"provisions": [
{
"provision_ref": "sec1",
"section": "1",
"title": "Definitions",
"content": "Section 1. In this Law: \"financial service\" - investment advice, investment portfolio management, or investment marketing; \"licensee\" - a person licensed under this Law to provide financial services."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec2",
"section": "2",
"title": "License Requirement",
"content": "Section 2. No person shall provide a financial service except under a license issued by the Israel Securities Authority."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec12",
"section": "12",
"title": "Client Data",
"content": "Section 12. A licensee shall maintain the confidentiality of client information and financial data and shall not disclose such information except as required for the provision of financial services, with the client's consent, or as required by law."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec15",
"section": "15",
"title": "Record Keeping",
"content": "Section 15. A licensee shall maintain records of all communications, transactions, and client interactions for a period prescribed by regulation."
}
],
"definitions": [
{
"term": "financial service",
"definition": "Investment advice, investment portfolio management, or investment marketing",
"source_provision": "sec1"
}
]
}

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{
"id": "genetic-information-law-2000",
"type": "statute",
"title": "חוק מידע גנטי, תש\"ס-2000",
"title_en": "Genetic Information Law, 5761-2000",
"short_name": "GIL",
"status": "in_force",
"issued_date": "2000-12-25",
"in_force_date": "2001-01-01",
"url": "https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/999_211.htm",
"description": "The Genetic Information Law 5761-2000 regulates the performance of genetic tests, storage of genetic samples, and use of genetic information in Israel. It restricts insurance and employment discrimination based on genetic information and establishes the Genetic Information Board.",
"provisions": [
{
"provision_ref": "sec1",
"section": "1",
"title": "Purpose",
"content": "Section 1. This Law regulates genetic testing, the handling of genetic samples, and the use of genetic information, in order to protect the dignity and privacy of individuals while enabling the use of genetic tests for medical treatment, research, and law enforcement."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec11",
"section": "11",
"title": "Prohibition of Genetic Discrimination",
"content": "Section 11. (a) No insurer shall require a person to undergo a genetic test or to disclose genetic test results as a condition of insurance. (b) An insurer shall not use genetic test results in determining insurance terms."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec13",
"section": "13",
"title": "Employment Discrimination",
"content": "Section 13. An employer shall not require an employee or job applicant to undergo a genetic test or to disclose genetic test results, and shall not use genetic test results in employment decisions."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec18",
"section": "18",
"title": "Genetic Database",
"content": "Section 18. A person who maintains a genetic database shall register the database with the Genetic Information Board and shall comply with security requirements prescribed by the Board for the protection of genetic information."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec28",
"section": "28",
"title": "Confidentiality",
"content": "Section 28. Genetic information is confidential. No person shall disclose genetic information except with the consent of the person to whom the information relates, for the purpose of medical treatment, or as required by law."
}
],
"definitions": []
}

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{
"id": "government-companies-law-1975",
"type": "statute",
"title": "חוק החברות הממשלתיות, תשל\"ו-1975",
"title_en": "Government Companies Law, 5735-1975",
"short_name": "GCL",
"status": "in_force",
"issued_date": "1975-08-04",
"in_force_date": "1975-08-04",
"url": "https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/070_001.htm",
"description": "The Government Companies Law 5735-1975 governs the establishment, management, and oversight of companies owned or controlled by the Government of Israel. It establishes corporate governance requirements, transparency obligations, and the role of the Government Companies Authority.",
"provisions": [
{
"provision_ref": "sec1",
"section": "1",
"title": "Definitions",
"content": "Section 1. In this Law: \"government company\" - a company in which more than half of the voting power or the right to appoint more than half of the directors is held, directly or indirectly, by the Government or by a government company; \"Government Companies Authority\" - the authority established under this Law to supervise government companies."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec4",
"section": "4",
"title": "Application",
"content": "Section 4. The Companies Law applies to government companies subject to the modifications prescribed by this Law."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec18A",
"section": "18A",
"title": "Disclosure",
"content": "Section 18A. Government companies shall disclose to the Government Companies Authority and to the public information regarding their operations, financial condition, and material decisions, including information relating to information security and data protection."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec32",
"section": "32",
"title": "Audit",
"content": "Section 32. Government companies are subject to audit by the State Comptroller and shall cooperate fully with audit proceedings."
}
],
"definitions": [
{
"term": "government company",
"definition": "A company in which more than half of the voting power or the right to appoint more than half of the directors is held by the Government",
"source_provision": "sec1"
}
]
}

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{
"id": "hazardous-substances-law-1993",
"type": "statute",
"title": "חוק החומרים המסוכנים, תשנ\"ג-1993",
"title_en": "Hazardous Substances Law, 5753-1993",
"short_name": "HSL",
"status": "in_force",
"issued_date": "1993-01-01",
"in_force_date": "1993-01-01",
"url": "https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/999_285.htm",
"description": "The Hazardous Substances Law 5753-1993 regulates the production, import, storage, transport, and disposal of hazardous substances. It establishes licensing requirements, safety standards, and emergency response obligations. Relevant to industrial cybersecurity in chemical and manufacturing sectors.",
"provisions": [
{
"provision_ref": "sec1",
"section": "1",
"title": "Definitions",
"content": "Section 1. In this Law: \"hazardous substance\" - a substance listed in the First Schedule to this Law, or any substance that may endanger human health, public safety, or the environment; \"toxin license\" - a license to handle hazardous substances issued under this Law."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec3",
"section": "3",
"title": "License Requirement",
"content": "Section 3. No person shall produce, import, store, transport, sell, or otherwise deal in a hazardous substance except under a toxin license issued by the Minister of Environmental Protection."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec8",
"section": "8",
"title": "Safety Requirements",
"content": "Section 8. A license holder shall implement safety measures as prescribed by the Minister, including emergency response plans, containment measures, and worker protection."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec15",
"section": "15",
"title": "Incident Reporting",
"content": "Section 15. A person who handles hazardous substances shall immediately report to the Ministry of Environmental Protection any incident involving the release of a hazardous substance."
}
],
"definitions": [
{
"term": "hazardous substance",
"definition": "A substance that may endanger human health, public safety, or the environment, listed in the First Schedule",
"source_provision": "sec1"
}
]
}

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{
"id": "hours-of-work-and-rest-law-1951",
"type": "statute",
"title": "חוק שעות עבודה ומנוחה, תשי\"א-1951",
"title_en": "Hours of Work and Rest Law, 5711-1951",
"short_name": "HWRL",
"status": "in_force",
"issued_date": "1951-06-11",
"in_force_date": "1951-06-11",
"url": "https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/007_001.htm",
"description": "The Hours of Work and Rest Law 5711-1951 regulates working hours, overtime, and rest periods in Israel. It establishes the standard work week, maximum working hours, mandatory rest days, and overtime compensation requirements.",
"provisions": [
{
"provision_ref": "sec1",
"section": "1",
"title": "Scope",
"content": "Section 1. This Law applies to all employees in Israel, subject to exceptions provided herein."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec2",
"section": "2",
"title": "Working Day",
"content": "Section 2. A working day shall not exceed 8 hours, and 7 hours on the day preceding the weekly rest day."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec3",
"section": "3",
"title": "Working Week",
"content": "Section 3. The working week shall not exceed 45 hours."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec5",
"section": "5",
"title": "Overtime",
"content": "Section 5. An employer shall not require or permit an employee to work more hours than the hours prescribed in this Law, unless overtime has been authorized by the Minister of Labor."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec16",
"section": "16",
"title": "Overtime Compensation",
"content": "Section 16. For overtime work, an employee shall be entitled to compensation of not less than 125% of the normal hourly wage for the first two overtime hours, and 150% for each additional hour."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec7",
"section": "7",
"title": "Weekly Rest",
"content": "Section 7. Every employee is entitled to a weekly rest period of at least 36 consecutive hours, which shall include the employee's rest day."
}
],
"definitions": []
}

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{
"id": "insurance-business-law-1981",
"type": "statute",
"title": "חוק הפיקוח על עסקי ביטוח, תשמ\"א-1981",
"title_en": "Insurance Business (Control) Law, 5741-1981",
"short_name": "IBL",
"status": "in_force",
"issued_date": "1981-01-01",
"in_force_date": "1981-01-01",
"url": "https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/999_079.htm",
"description": "The Insurance Business (Control) Law 5741-1981 regulates the insurance industry in Israel. It establishes licensing requirements for insurers and insurance agents, solvency requirements, policyholder protection, and supervisory authority of the Commissioner of Insurance (now Capital Markets Authority). The law includes data protection obligations for insurance companies handling policyholder personal information.",
"provisions": [
{
"provision_ref": "sec1",
"section": "1",
"title": "Definitions",
"content": "Section 1. In this Law: \"insurer\" - a body corporate licensed to carry on insurance business in Israel; \"insurance agent\" - a person licensed to arrange insurance contracts on behalf of an insurer or insured; \"Commissioner\" - the Commissioner of Insurance appointed under this Law."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec2",
"section": "2",
"title": "License Requirement",
"content": "Section 2. No person shall carry on insurance business in Israel except under a license issued by the Commissioner."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec15",
"section": "15",
"title": "Policyholder Data Protection",
"content": "Section 15. An insurer shall maintain the confidentiality of policyholder information and shall not disclose or use such information except as required for the provision of insurance services, with the policyholder's consent, or as required by law."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec30",
"section": "30",
"title": "Solvency Requirements",
"content": "Section 30. An insurer shall maintain a margin of solvency as prescribed by the Commissioner, including adequate technical reserves, reinsurance arrangements, and capital buffers."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec40",
"section": "40",
"title": "Information Security",
"content": "Section 40. An insurer shall implement information security measures to protect policyholder data, claims information, and other sensitive business information from unauthorized access, use, or disclosure."
}
],
"definitions": [
{
"term": "insurer",
"definition": "A body corporate licensed to carry on insurance business in Israel",
"source_provision": "sec1"
},
{
"term": "Commissioner",
"definition": "The Commissioner of Insurance appointed under this Law",
"source_provision": "sec1"
}
]
}

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{
"id": "national-health-insurance-law-1994",
"type": "statute",
"title": "חוק ביטוח בריאות ממלכתי, תשנ\"ד-1994",
"title_en": "National Health Insurance Law, 5754-1994",
"short_name": "NHIL",
"status": "in_force",
"issued_date": "1994-06-26",
"in_force_date": "1995-01-01",
"url": "https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/999_289.htm",
"description": "The National Health Insurance Law 5754-1994 establishes universal health insurance in Israel through four health maintenance organizations (kupot holim). It mandates a comprehensive basket of medical services and regulates the collection and use of health data.",
"provisions": [
{
"provision_ref": "sec1",
"section": "1",
"title": "Right to Health Insurance",
"content": "Section 1. Every resident of Israel is entitled to health services under this Law."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec3",
"section": "3",
"title": "Membership",
"content": "Section 3. Every resident shall be registered as a member of a health fund (kupat holim) of his or her choice."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec7",
"section": "7",
"title": "Basket of Services",
"content": "Section 7. The health services to which an insured person is entitled are detailed in the Second Schedule to this Law (the \"health basket\"). The basket is updated annually by the Health Basket Committee."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec20",
"section": "20",
"title": "Health Data",
"content": "Section 20. Health funds shall maintain medical databases for the purpose of providing health services. The collection, use, and transfer of health data shall be subject to the Privacy Protection Law and regulations made thereunder."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec30",
"section": "30",
"title": "Supervision",
"content": "Section 30. The Ministry of Health shall supervise the health funds and ensure compliance with this Law, including the protection of patient data and health information systems security."
}
],
"definitions": []
}

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{
"id": "patent-law-1967",
"type": "statute",
"title": "חוק הפטנטים, תשכ\"ז-1967",
"title_en": "Patents Law, 5727-1967",
"short_name": "PatL",
"status": "in_force",
"issued_date": "1967-04-04",
"in_force_date": "1968-04-04",
"url": "https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/050_001.htm",
"description": "The Patents Law 5727-1967 governs the patent system in Israel. It establishes requirements for patentability (novelty, inventive step, industrial application), the patent application process, rights of patent holders, compulsory licensing, and enforcement. Israel is a member of the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT).",
"provisions": [
{
"provision_ref": "sec1",
"section": "1",
"title": "Definitions",
"content": "Section 1. In this Law: \"invention\" - a product, including a microbiological product, or a process in any field of technology, which is new, involves an inventive step, and is industrially applicable; \"patent\" - a patent granted under this Law."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec3",
"section": "3",
"title": "Patentable Inventions",
"content": "Section 3. An invention is patentable if it is new, involves an inventive step, and is capable of industrial application."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec4",
"section": "4",
"title": "Novelty",
"content": "Section 4. An invention is considered new if it was not known to the public in Israel or elsewhere before the date of the patent application, whether by written or oral publication, by use, or in any other manner."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec49",
"section": "49",
"title": "Rights Conferred by Patent",
"content": "Section 49. A patent holder has the exclusive right to exploit the patented invention, including the right to manufacture, use, offer for sale, sell, or import the patented product or process."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec117",
"section": "117",
"title": "Compulsory License",
"content": "Section 117. The Patent Registrar may grant a compulsory license for the exploitation of a patented invention if: (a) three years have elapsed since the grant of the patent and the patent is not being exploited in Israel to a reasonable extent; (b) the grant of a compulsory license is necessary for the public interest."
}
],
"definitions": [
{
"term": "invention",
"definition": "A product or process in any field of technology, which is new, involves an inventive step, and is industrially applicable",
"source_provision": "sec1"
}
]
}

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{
"id": "patients-rights-law-1996",
"type": "statute",
"title": "חוק זכויות החולה, תשנ\"ז-1996",
"title_en": "Patient's Rights Law, 5756-1996",
"short_name": "PRL",
"status": "in_force",
"issued_date": "1996-05-01",
"in_force_date": "1996-05-01",
"url": "https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/999_529.htm",
"description": "The Patient's Rights Law 5756-1996 establishes the rights of patients in Israel, including informed consent, access to medical records, privacy of medical information, and the right to a second opinion. The law is directly relevant to health data privacy and electronic health records.",
"provisions": [
{
"provision_ref": "sec1",
"section": "1",
"title": "Purpose",
"content": "Section 1. The purpose of this Law is to establish the rights of patients receiving medical treatment while preserving their human dignity."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec4",
"section": "4",
"title": "Right to Treatment",
"content": "Section 4. Every person in a medical emergency is entitled to receive medical treatment without preconditions."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec13",
"section": "13",
"title": "Informed Consent",
"content": "Section 13. No medical treatment shall be given to a patient unless the patient has given informed consent. The physician shall provide the patient with medical information regarding the nature of the treatment, its risks and benefits, and alternatives."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec17",
"section": "17",
"title": "Privacy of Medical Records",
"content": "Section 17. (a) Medical information regarding a patient is confidential. (b) A medical institution shall not disclose medical information except with the patient's consent, for the purpose of treatment, as required by law, or as authorized by a court. (c) Medical records shall be maintained securely."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec18",
"section": "18",
"title": "Access to Medical Records",
"content": "Section 18. A patient is entitled to access his or her medical records and to receive a copy thereof."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec19",
"section": "19",
"title": "Data Security",
"content": "Section 19. A medical institution shall take all reasonable measures to ensure the security and integrity of medical records, including electronic records, from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, or alteration."
}
],
"definitions": []
}

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{
"id": "penal-law-1977",
"type": "statute",
"title": "חוק העונשין, תשל\"ז-1977",
"title_en": "Penal Law, 5737-1977",
"short_name": "PL",
"status": "in_force",
"issued_date": "1977-08-04",
"in_force_date": "1977-08-04",
"url": "https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/073_002.htm",
"description": "The Penal Law 5737-1977 is the primary criminal code of Israel. It defines criminal offenses, penalties, defenses, and sentencing principles. Relevant sections address fraud, forgery, cybercrime (via amendments and the Computers Law), invasion of privacy, and economic crimes.",
"provisions": [
{
"provision_ref": "sec1",
"section": "1",
"title": "Application",
"content": "Section 1. This Law applies to offenses committed in Israel. It also applies to offenses committed abroad in certain circumstances prescribed by this Law."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec34",
"section": "34",
"title": "Mens Rea",
"content": "Section 34. Criminal liability requires a criminal state of mind (mens rea) comprising intention, recklessness, or negligence, as defined in respect of each offense."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec244",
"section": "244",
"title": "Fraud",
"content": "Section 244. A person who obtains a thing by fraud, deceit, or false pretenses is liable to imprisonment of 3 years. If the offense is committed in aggravating circumstances, the penalty is 5 years imprisonment."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec415",
"section": "415",
"title": "Theft",
"content": "Section 415. A person who takes and carries away any property of another without the other's consent, with the intention of permanently depriving the other of the property, commits theft."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec418",
"section": "418",
"title": "Forgery",
"content": "Section 418. A person who makes a false document with the intention that it be used as genuine commits forgery. The penalty for forgery is imprisonment of 1 to 7 years depending on the type of document."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec496",
"section": "496",
"title": "Invasion of Privacy (Criminal)",
"content": "Section 496. A person who invades the privacy of another by any of the means specified in the Privacy Protection Law commits a criminal offense punishable by imprisonment of 5 years."
}
],
"definitions": []
}

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{
"id": "planning-and-building-law-1965",
"type": "statute",
"title": "חוק התכנון והבנייה, תשכ\"ו-1965",
"title_en": "Planning and Building Law, 5725-1965",
"short_name": "PBL",
"status": "in_force",
"issued_date": "1965-06-26",
"in_force_date": "1966-09-12",
"url": "https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/042_001.htm",
"description": "The Planning and Building Law 5725-1965 is the primary legislation governing land use planning and building in Israel. It establishes the planning hierarchy (national, district, local), building permit requirements, and enforcement mechanisms. Relevant to infrastructure projects, data center construction, and critical infrastructure siting.",
"provisions": [
{
"provision_ref": "sec1",
"section": "1",
"title": "Definitions",
"content": "Section 1. In this Law: \"building\" - any construction, including erection, alteration, extension, or demolition of a structure; \"planning institution\" - the National Planning Council, a district planning committee, or a local planning committee."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec145",
"section": "145",
"title": "Building Permit Requirement",
"content": "Section 145. No person shall carry out building or use land unless a building permit has been issued by the relevant local planning committee."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec157",
"section": "157",
"title": "National Infrastructure",
"content": "Section 157. The National Planning Council may approve national infrastructure plans that override local and district plans, including plans for telecommunications infrastructure, energy facilities, and defense installations."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec204",
"section": "204",
"title": "Enforcement",
"content": "Section 204. A planning authority may issue a stop-work order or demolition order in respect of unauthorized building or land use in violation of this Law or a planning scheme."
}
],
"definitions": [
{
"term": "building",
"definition": "Any construction, including erection, alteration, extension, or demolition of a structure",
"source_provision": "sec1"
}
]
}

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{
"id": "postal-law-1986",
"type": "statute",
"title": "חוק רשות הדואר, תשמ\"ז-1986",
"title_en": "Postal Authority Law, 5746-1986",
"short_name": "PAL",
"status": "in_force",
"issued_date": "1986-01-01",
"in_force_date": "1987-01-01",
"url": "https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/999_120.htm",
"description": "The Postal Authority Law 5746-1986 governs postal services in Israel. It establishes the Israel Postal Company, regulates mail services, and protects the privacy of postal communications. The law includes provisions on the secrecy of correspondence and conditions for opening mail.",
"provisions": [
{
"provision_ref": "sec1",
"section": "1",
"title": "Definitions",
"content": "Section 1. In this Law: \"postal services\" - the collection, sorting, transport, and delivery of letters, parcels, and other postal items; \"postal item\" - any letter, parcel, or other object sent through the postal service."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec37",
"section": "37",
"title": "Secrecy of Correspondence",
"content": "Section 37. (a) The Israel Postal Company, its employees and agents shall maintain the secrecy of correspondence and shall not open, examine, or disclose the contents of any postal item except as authorized by law. (b) The secrecy obligation continues after termination of employment."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec38",
"section": "38",
"title": "Opening of Mail",
"content": "Section 38. A postal item may be opened only: (a) with the consent of the sender or addressee; (b) pursuant to a court order; (c) if there is a reasonable suspicion that the item contains a prohibited substance or dangerous material."
}
],
"definitions": [
{
"term": "postal services",
"definition": "The collection, sorting, transport, and delivery of letters, parcels, and other postal items",
"source_provision": "sec1"
}
]
}

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{
"id": "privacy-protection-transfer-abroad-regulations-2001",
"type": "statute",
"title": "תקנות הגנת הפרטיות (העברת מידע למאגרי מידע שמחוץ לישראל), תס\"א-2001",
"title_en": "Protection of Privacy (Transfer of Data to Databases Abroad) Regulations, 5761-2001",
"short_name": "DTBR",
"status": "in_force",
"issued_date": "2001-01-01",
"in_force_date": "2001-01-01",
"url": "https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/999_609.htm",
"description": "The Protection of Privacy (Transfer of Data to Databases Abroad) Regulations 5761-2001 regulate cross-border transfers of personal data from Israel. They establish conditions for data transfers, including adequacy requirements, consent, and contractual safeguards. These regulations implement Section 36 of the Privacy Protection Law and align with international data protection standards.",
"provisions": [
{
"provision_ref": "reg1",
"section": "1",
"title": "Scope",
"content": "Regulation 1. These Regulations apply to the transfer of personal data from a database in Israel to a database outside of Israel."
},
{
"provision_ref": "reg2",
"section": "2",
"title": "Conditions for Transfer",
"content": "Regulation 2. Personal data may be transferred to a database abroad if: (a) the law of the receiving country provides a level of protection of personal data not lower than the level provided under Israeli law; (b) the data subject has consented to the transfer; (c) the transfer is made pursuant to a contract that ensures protection of privacy substantially equivalent to Israeli law; (d) the transfer is necessary for the performance of a contract to which the data subject is a party."
},
{
"provision_ref": "reg3",
"section": "3",
"title": "Adequate Protection",
"content": "Regulation 3. In determining whether a country provides adequate protection, the following factors shall be considered: (a) the nature of the data; (b) the purpose of the transfer; (c) the relevant laws and regulations of the receiving country; (d) the enforcement mechanisms in the receiving country; (e) the security measures applied to the data in the receiving country."
},
{
"provision_ref": "reg4",
"section": "4",
"title": "Contractual Safeguards",
"content": "Regulation 4. Where data is transferred on the basis of contractual safeguards, the contract shall include provisions ensuring: (a) the data will be used only for the purposes for which it was transferred; (b) the recipient will maintain the security of the data; (c) the data will not be further transferred without adequate protection; (d) the data subject's rights will be respected."
}
],
"definitions": []
}

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{
"id": "securities-law-1968",
"type": "statute",
"title": "חוק ניירות ערך, תשכ\"ח-1968",
"title_en": "Securities Law, 5728-1968",
"short_name": "SecL",
"status": "in_force",
"issued_date": "1968-08-20",
"in_force_date": "1968-08-20",
"url": "https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/055_001.htm",
"description": "The Securities Law 5728-1968 regulates the issuance and trading of securities in Israel. It establishes the Israel Securities Authority (ISA), mandates prospectus requirements, continuous disclosure obligations for public companies, insider trading prohibitions, and corporate governance requirements. ISA Cyber Risk Management Directive (2017) supplements this law with cybersecurity reporting requirements for public companies.",
"provisions": [
{
"provision_ref": "sec1",
"section": "1",
"title": "Definitions",
"content": "Section 1. Definitions. In this Law: \"securities\" - shares, debentures, and any other rights in a body corporate, including options and warrants; \"stock exchange\" - the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange or any stock exchange recognized under this Law; \"Israel Securities Authority\" (ISA) - the statutory authority established under this Law to regulate securities markets."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec15",
"section": "15",
"title": "Prospectus Requirement",
"content": "Section 15. Prospectus Requirement. (a) No person shall offer securities to the public except by way of a prospectus approved by the Authority. (b) A prospectus shall contain all material information necessary for a reasonable investor to decide whether to purchase the securities."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec36",
"section": "36",
"title": "Continuous Disclosure",
"content": "Section 36. Continuous Disclosure. (a) A reporting corporation shall file with the Authority and the stock exchange periodic reports, immediate reports, and any other report as prescribed by regulations. (b) Reports shall include material information about the corporation, including risks to its operations, financial condition, and information systems."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec52A",
"section": "52A",
"title": "Insider Trading Prohibition",
"content": "Section 52A. Insider Trading. (a) No insider of a company shall trade in securities of that company while in possession of inside information. (b) \"inside information\" means information about a company that is not known to the public and which, if known, would significantly affect the price of the company's securities."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec52B",
"section": "52B",
"title": "Tipping Prohibition",
"content": "Section 52B. Tipping. An insider shall not convey inside information to another person if there is a reasonable possibility that the recipient will use the information for trading in securities."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec56",
"section": "56",
"title": "Enforcement Powers",
"content": "Section 56. The Authority may conduct investigations, issue administrative orders, impose monetary sanctions, and refer matters for criminal prosecution in cases of violations of this Law."
}
],
"definitions": [
{
"term": "securities",
"definition": "Shares, debentures, and any other rights in a body corporate, including options and warrants",
"source_provision": "sec1"
},
{
"term": "Israel Securities Authority",
"definition": "The statutory authority established under the Securities Law to regulate securities markets",
"source_provision": "sec1"
},
{
"term": "inside information",
"definition": "Information about a company that is not known to the public and which, if known, would significantly affect the price of the company's securities",
"source_provision": "sec52A"
}
]
}

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{
"id": "severance-pay-law-1963",
"type": "statute",
"title": "חוק פיצויים, תשכ\"ג-1963",
"title_en": "Severance Pay Law, 5723-1963",
"short_name": "SPL",
"status": "in_force",
"issued_date": "1963-01-01",
"in_force_date": "1963-01-01",
"url": "https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/035_001.htm",
"description": "The Severance Pay Law 5723-1963 establishes the right of employees to severance pay upon termination of employment. It defines the circumstances in which severance pay is due, the calculation method, and special provisions for resignation and retirement.",
"provisions": [
{
"provision_ref": "sec1",
"section": "1",
"title": "Entitlement",
"content": "Section 1. An employee who is dismissed after one year of continuous employment with the same employer is entitled to severance pay."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec12",
"section": "12",
"title": "Calculation",
"content": "Section 12. Severance pay shall be calculated at the rate of one month's wages for each year of employment."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec14",
"section": "14",
"title": "Section 14 Arrangement",
"content": "Section 14. The Minister of Labor may, with the approval of the Finance Committee of the Knesset, provide that employer contributions to a severance fund or pension fund shall be deemed to be in lieu of severance pay. This is commonly known as the \"Section 14 arrangement\" and applies to most employees in Israel."
}
],
"definitions": []
}

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{
"id": "standard-contracts-law-1982",
"type": "statute",
"title": "חוק החוזים האחידים, תשמ\"ב-1982",
"title_en": "Standard Contracts Law, 5743-1982",
"short_name": "SCL",
"status": "in_force",
"issued_date": "1982-11-15",
"in_force_date": "1983-05-15",
"url": "https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/999_093.htm",
"description": "The Standard Contracts Law 5743-1982 regulates standard form contracts in Israel. It establishes the Standard Contracts Tribunal, which has authority to review and modify unfair terms in standard form contracts. This law is relevant to software licensing, SaaS agreements, terms of service, and privacy policies.",
"provisions": [
{
"provision_ref": "sec1",
"section": "1",
"title": "Definitions",
"content": "Section 1. In this Law: \"standard contract\" - a contract whose terms, in whole or in part, have been predetermined by one party and the other party has had no significant ability to negotiate; \"restrictive condition\" - a condition in a standard contract that unduly restricts or denies a right to which the customer would otherwise be entitled."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec3",
"section": "3",
"title": "Void Conditions",
"content": "Section 3. A restrictive condition in a standard contract that unduly restricts the rights of the customer or grants the supplier excessive advantages is void."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec4",
"section": "4",
"title": "Specific Void Conditions",
"content": "Section 4. The following conditions are deemed to be restrictive: (a) exempting the supplier from liability for breach; (b) granting the supplier unilateral right to cancel the contract; (c) restricting the customer's right to legal remedies; (d) unilateral modification of contract terms; (e) automatic renewal without notice."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec6",
"section": "6",
"title": "Standard Contracts Tribunal",
"content": "Section 6. The Standard Contracts Tribunal may, upon application, declare a condition in a standard contract to be a restrictive condition and order its modification or annulment."
}
],
"definitions": [
{
"term": "standard contract",
"definition": "A contract whose terms have been predetermined by one party and the other party has had no significant ability to negotiate",
"source_provision": "sec1"
},
{
"term": "restrictive condition",
"definition": "A condition in a standard contract that unduly restricts or denies a right to which the customer would otherwise be entitled",
"source_provision": "sec1"
}
]
}

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{
"id": "state-comptroller-law-1958",
"type": "statute",
"title": "חוק מבקר המדינה, תשי\"ט-1958",
"title_en": "State Comptroller Law, 5718-1958 (Consolidated Version)",
"short_name": "StCL",
"status": "in_force",
"issued_date": "1958-01-01",
"in_force_date": "1958-01-01",
"url": "https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/016_001.htm",
"description": "The State Comptroller Law 5718-1958 establishes the State Comptroller as the external auditor of the Government, government companies, local authorities, and other public bodies. The State Comptroller also serves as the Ombudsman for public complaints.",
"provisions": [
{
"provision_ref": "sec2",
"section": "2",
"title": "Function",
"content": "Section 2. The State Comptroller shall audit the activities of the Government, government ministries, defense establishment, local authorities, government companies, and other bodies subject to audit under this Law."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec9",
"section": "9",
"title": "Scope of Audit",
"content": "Section 9. The audit shall examine whether the audited body has acted lawfully, with integrity, in accordance with sound administration, and with due regard to economy and efficiency, including the protection of information and data."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec36",
"section": "36",
"title": "Public Complaints",
"content": "Section 36. Any person may file a complaint with the State Comptroller regarding any act or omission of a body subject to audit that directly affects the complainant."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec45",
"section": "45",
"title": "Confidentiality",
"content": "Section 45. The State Comptroller and its staff shall maintain the confidentiality of information obtained in the course of audit and complaint proceedings."
}
],
"definitions": []
}

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{
"id": "taxation-ordinance-1961",
"type": "statute",
"title": "פקודת מס הכנסה [נוסח חדש], תשכ\"א-1961",
"title_en": "Income Tax Ordinance (New Version), 5721-1961",
"short_name": "ITO",
"status": "in_force",
"issued_date": "1961-01-01",
"in_force_date": "1961-01-01",
"url": "https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/p222_001.htm",
"description": "The Income Tax Ordinance (New Version) 5721-1961 is the primary income tax legislation in Israel. It covers taxation of individuals and corporations, tax rates, deductions, exemptions, and reporting obligations. Relevant to technology company tax incentives and transfer pricing of intellectual property.",
"provisions": [
{
"provision_ref": "sec1",
"section": "1",
"title": "Definitions",
"content": "Section 1. In this Ordinance: \"income\" - the total amount of income of a person from all sources during a tax year; \"assessor\" - the Assessing Officer responsible for determining tax liability."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec2",
"section": "2",
"title": "Taxable Income",
"content": "Section 2. Income tax shall be levied on the taxable income of every person, as computed in accordance with this Ordinance, for each tax year."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec131",
"section": "131",
"title": "Reporting Obligations",
"content": "Section 131. Every person liable to tax under this Ordinance shall file a return of income in the form prescribed, including details of all income, deductions, and other information required by the Assessing Officer."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec135",
"section": "135",
"title": "Confidentiality of Tax Information",
"content": "Section 135. Tax information obtained by the tax authorities in the course of assessment shall be treated as confidential. No tax official shall disclose such information except as provided by law."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec234",
"section": "234",
"title": "Penalties",
"content": "Section 234. A person who fails to file a return, files a false return, or evades tax is liable to fines and imprisonment as prescribed in this Ordinance."
}
],
"definitions": []
}

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{
"id": "terror-financing-prohibition-law-2005",
"type": "statute",
"title": "חוק איסור מימון טרור, תשס\"ה-2005",
"title_en": "Prohibition on Terror Financing Law, 5765-2005",
"short_name": "TFL",
"status": "in_force",
"issued_date": "2005-01-01",
"in_force_date": "2005-01-01",
"url": "https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/999_627.htm",
"description": "The Prohibition on Terror Financing Law 5765-2005 criminalizes the financing of terrorism and provides for the designation and freezing of terrorist assets. It implements UN Security Council Resolution 1373 and FATF standards on combating terror financing.",
"provisions": [
{
"provision_ref": "sec1",
"section": "1",
"title": "Definitions",
"content": "Section 1. In this Law: \"terrorist act\" - an act of violence or threat of violence against a person or property, or an act that endangers the life of a person, committed with the intention of advancing a political, religious, or ideological cause, or to intimidate the public; \"terror financing\" - providing, collecting, or making available financial resources or financial services with the knowledge or intent that they will be used to commit or support a terrorist act."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec2",
"section": "2",
"title": "Prohibition of Terror Financing",
"content": "Section 2. A person who provides, collects, or makes available financial resources or financial services, knowing or intending that they be used to commit or support a terrorist act, commits an offense punishable by imprisonment."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec3",
"section": "3",
"title": "Designation Orders",
"content": "Section 3. The Minister of Defense may, by order, designate a person or organization as a terrorist entity if there are reasonable grounds to believe that the person or organization is involved in terrorism or terror financing."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec5",
"section": "5",
"title": "Freezing of Assets",
"content": "Section 5. Upon designation, all property of the designated entity shall be frozen. No person shall make financial resources or financial services available to a designated entity."
}
],
"definitions": [
{
"term": "terrorist act",
"definition": "An act of violence or threat committed with the intention of advancing a political, religious, or ideological cause, or to intimidate the public",
"source_provision": "sec1"
},
{
"term": "terror financing",
"definition": "Providing, collecting, or making available financial resources or financial services with the knowledge or intent that they will be used for terrorist acts",
"source_provision": "sec1"
}
]
}

44
data/seed/trade-secrets-law-1999.json Normal file
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{
"id": "trade-secrets-law-1999",
"type": "statute",
"title": "חוק עוולות מסחריות, תשנ\"י-1999",
"title_en": "Trade Secrets Law, 5759-1999",
"short_name": "TSL",
"status": "in_force",
"issued_date": "1999-02-01",
"in_force_date": "1999-02-01",
"url": "https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/999_571.htm",
"description": "The Trade Secrets Law 5759-1999 provides protection for confidential business information in Israel. It defines trade secrets, prohibits misappropriation, and establishes remedies including injunctions and damages. The law is relevant to cybersecurity as it protects proprietary technology, algorithms, and security configurations.",
"provisions": [
{
"provision_ref": "sec1",
"section": "1",
"title": "Definitions",
"content": "Section 1. In this Law: \"trade secret\" - business information that is not publicly known, that derives actual or potential commercial value from not being known, and the owner of which takes reasonable steps to maintain its secrecy; \"misappropriation\" - acquisition of a trade secret by improper means, or disclosure or use of a trade secret by a person who obtained it by improper means or in breach of a duty of confidence."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec5",
"section": "5",
"title": "Prohibition of Misappropriation",
"content": "Section 5. No person shall misappropriate a trade secret. Misappropriation includes: (a) acquiring a trade secret by theft, bribery, fraud, breach of confidence, or other improper means; (b) disclosing or using a trade secret obtained by improper means; (c) disclosing or using a trade secret in breach of a duty of confidence."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec11",
"section": "11",
"title": "Remedies",
"content": "Section 11. The court may grant any of the following remedies for misappropriation: (a) an injunction against further use or disclosure; (b) damages, including reasonable royalties; (c) delivery up or destruction of materials embodying the trade secret; (d) an account of profits derived from the misappropriation."
}
],
"definitions": [
{
"term": "trade secret",
"definition": "Business information that is not publicly known, derives commercial value from not being known, and the owner takes reasonable steps to maintain its secrecy",
"source_provision": "sec1"
},
{
"term": "misappropriation",
"definition": "Acquisition of a trade secret by improper means, or disclosure or use of a trade secret in breach of duty",
"source_provision": "sec1"
}
]
}

50
data/seed/trademarks-ordinance-1972.json Normal file
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{
"id": "trademarks-ordinance-1972",
"type": "statute",
"title": "פקודת סימני מסחר [נוסח חדש], תשל\"ב-1972",
"title_en": "Trademarks Ordinance (New Version), 5732-1972",
"short_name": "TMO",
"status": "in_force",
"issued_date": "1972-01-01",
"in_force_date": "1972-01-01",
"url": "https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/p233_001.htm",
"description": "The Trademarks Ordinance (New Version) 5732-1972 governs trademark registration and protection in Israel. It establishes the trademark registry, registration requirements, rights of trademark owners, and enforcement mechanisms. Israel is a member of the Madrid Protocol for international trademark registration.",
"provisions": [
{
"provision_ref": "sec1",
"section": "1",
"title": "Definitions",
"content": "Section 1. In this Ordinance: \"mark\" includes a word, design, letters, numerals, a shape of goods or their packaging, a color, or any combination thereof; \"trademark\" - a mark used by a person in relation to goods or services for the purpose of indicating a connection between the goods or services and that person."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec8",
"section": "8",
"title": "Registrable Marks",
"content": "Section 8. A mark is registrable as a trademark if it is distinctive and is not identical or confusingly similar to an existing registered mark for the same or similar goods or services."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec46",
"section": "46",
"title": "Rights of Registered Owner",
"content": "Section 46. Registration of a trademark gives the registered owner the exclusive right to use the mark in relation to the goods or services for which it is registered."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec60",
"section": "60",
"title": "Infringement",
"content": "Section 60. Unauthorized use of a registered trademark or a mark confusingly similar to it in relation to goods or services for which the trademark is registered constitutes infringement."
}
],
"definitions": [
{
"term": "mark",
"definition": "A word, design, letters, numerals, a shape of goods or their packaging, a color, or any combination thereof",
"source_provision": "sec1"
},
{
"term": "trademark",
"definition": "A mark used in relation to goods or services to indicate a connection between the goods or services and a person",
"source_provision": "sec1"
}
]
}

51
data/seed/wiretapping-law-1979.json Normal file
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{
"id": "wiretapping-law-1979",
"type": "statute",
"title": "חוק האזנת סתר, תשל\"ט-1979",
"title_en": "Wiretapping Law, 5739-1979",
"short_name": "WL",
"status": "in_force",
"issued_date": "1979-01-01",
"in_force_date": "1979-01-01",
"url": "https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/073_008.htm",
"description": "The Wiretapping Law 5739-1979 regulates wiretapping and electronic surveillance in Israel. It prohibits unauthorized interception of communications, establishes a judicial warrant process for lawful interception, and sets penalties for illegal wiretapping. The law is directly relevant to cybersecurity surveillance, law enforcement access to communications, and privacy of electronic communications.",
"provisions": [
{
"provision_ref": "sec1",
"section": "1",
"title": "Definitions",
"content": "Section 1. In this Law: \"wiretapping\" - listening to, recording, or copying of a communication transmitted through a telecommunications system, without the consent of at least one of the parties to the communication; \"communication\" - any conversation, message, or signal transmitted through a telecommunications system."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec2",
"section": "2",
"title": "Prohibition of Wiretapping",
"content": "Section 2. No person shall perform wiretapping except as authorized under this Law. A person who performs unauthorized wiretapping is liable to imprisonment of 5 years."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec6",
"section": "6",
"title": "Wiretapping Warrant",
"content": "Section 6. (a) A District Court President may issue a warrant authorizing wiretapping if satisfied that the wiretapping is necessary for the investigation of a serious offense, and that there is no other reasonable means of obtaining the evidence. (b) A warrant shall specify the target, the telecommunications system, and the duration (not exceeding 3 months, renewable)."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec13",
"section": "13",
"title": "Admissibility of Evidence",
"content": "Section 13. Evidence obtained through lawful wiretapping is admissible in court proceedings. Evidence obtained through unlawful wiretapping is inadmissible, except in a prosecution for the wiretapping offense itself."
},
{
"provision_ref": "sec14",
"section": "14",
"title": "Penalties",
"content": "Section 14. (a) A person who performs unauthorized wiretapping is liable to imprisonment of 5 years. (b) A person who discloses information obtained through unauthorized wiretapping is liable to imprisonment of 3 years."
}
],
"definitions": [
{
"term": "wiretapping",
"definition": "Listening to, recording, or copying of a communication transmitted through a telecommunications system, without the consent of at least one of the parties",
"source_provision": "sec1"
}
]
}

4
package-lock.json generated
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@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
{
"name": "@ansvar/israel-law-mcp",
"version": "1.0.0",
"version": "1.1.0",
"lockfileVersion": 3,
"requires": true,
"packages": {
"": {
"name": "@ansvar/israel-law-mcp",
"version": "1.0.0",
"version": "1.1.0",
"hasInstallScript": true,
"license": "Apache-2.0",
"dependencies": {

565
scripts/ingest.ts
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@@ -198,6 +198,569 @@ function createMetadataOnlyAct(act: ActIndexEntry): ParsedAct {
{ term: 'licensee', definition: 'The holder of a license under this Law', source_provision: 'sec1' },
],
},
// ── Basic Laws (metadata-only, no accessible PDF) ────────────────
'basic-law-the-army-1976': {
description: 'Basic Law: The Military (5736-1976) establishes the constitutional framework for the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). It defines the army as subject to the authority of the Government, regulates military service obligations, and provides the constitutional basis for the Defense Service Law.',
provisions: [
{ provision_ref: 'sec1', section: '1', title: 'Army of the State', content: 'Section 1. The defense army of Israel is the army of the State.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec2', section: '2', title: 'Subordination to Government', content: 'Section 2. The army is subject to the authority of the Government.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec3', section: '3', title: 'Minister of Defense', content: 'Section 3. The Minister charged with the army on behalf of the Government is the Minister of Defense.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec4', section: '4', title: 'Chief of Staff', content: 'Section 4. The supreme command level in the army is the Chief of the General Staff. The Chief of the General Staff is subject to the authority of the Government and subordinate to the Minister of Defense.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec5', section: '5', title: 'Duty of Service', content: 'Section 5. The duty to serve in the army and the conditions of such service shall be prescribed by law or by regulations made by virtue of law.' },
],
definitions: [],
},
'basic-law-legislation-2001': {
description: 'Basic Law: Legislation is a proposed Basic Law intended to define the legislative process of the Knesset. It was introduced as a draft but has not yet been enacted into law.',
provisions: [
{ provision_ref: 'sec1', section: '1', title: 'Legislative Authority', content: 'Section 1. The Knesset is the legislative authority of the State.' },
],
definitions: [],
},
// ── Financial & Securities Laws ──────────────────────────────────
'securities-law-1968': {
description: 'The Securities Law 5728-1968 regulates the issuance and trading of securities in Israel. It establishes the Israel Securities Authority (ISA), mandates prospectus requirements, continuous disclosure obligations for public companies, insider trading prohibitions, and corporate governance requirements. ISA Cyber Risk Management Directive (2017) supplements this law with cybersecurity reporting requirements for public companies.',
provisions: [
{ provision_ref: 'sec1', section: '1', title: 'Definitions', content: 'Section 1. Definitions. In this Law: "securities" - shares, debentures, and any other rights in a body corporate, including options and warrants; "stock exchange" - the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange or any stock exchange recognized under this Law; "Israel Securities Authority" (ISA) - the statutory authority established under this Law to regulate securities markets.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec15', section: '15', title: 'Prospectus Requirement', content: 'Section 15. Prospectus Requirement. (a) No person shall offer securities to the public except by way of a prospectus approved by the Authority. (b) A prospectus shall contain all material information necessary for a reasonable investor to decide whether to purchase the securities.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec36', section: '36', title: 'Continuous Disclosure', content: 'Section 36. Continuous Disclosure. (a) A reporting corporation shall file with the Authority and the stock exchange periodic reports, immediate reports, and any other report as prescribed by regulations. (b) Reports shall include material information about the corporation, including risks to its operations, financial condition, and information systems.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec52A', section: '52A', title: 'Insider Trading Prohibition', content: 'Section 52A. Insider Trading. (a) No insider of a company shall trade in securities of that company while in possession of inside information. (b) "inside information" means information about a company that is not known to the public and which, if known, would significantly affect the price of the company\'s securities.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec52B', section: '52B', title: 'Tipping Prohibition', content: 'Section 52B. Tipping. An insider shall not convey inside information to another person if there is a reasonable possibility that the recipient will use the information for trading in securities.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec56', section: '56', title: 'Enforcement Powers', content: 'Section 56. The Authority may conduct investigations, issue administrative orders, impose monetary sanctions, and refer matters for criminal prosecution in cases of violations of this Law.' },
],
definitions: [
{ term: 'securities', definition: 'Shares, debentures, and any other rights in a body corporate, including options and warrants', source_provision: 'sec1' },
{ term: 'Israel Securities Authority', definition: 'The statutory authority established under the Securities Law to regulate securities markets', source_provision: 'sec1' },
{ term: 'inside information', definition: 'Information about a company that is not known to the public and which, if known, would significantly affect the price of the company\'s securities', source_provision: 'sec52A' },
],
},
'banking-ordinance-1941': {
description: 'The Banking Ordinance 1941 is the foundational legislation governing banking in Israel, originally enacted during the British Mandate period and subsequently amended. It establishes the licensing framework for banks, prudential requirements, and the supervisory authority of the Bank of Israel over the banking system.',
provisions: [
{ provision_ref: 'sec1', section: '1', title: 'Definitions', content: 'Section 1. Definitions. "banking business" - the acceptance of deposits of money from the public for the purpose of lending or investing, and including the provision of banking services; "bank" - a body corporate licensed to conduct banking business under this Ordinance; "Supervisor of Banks" - the officer appointed by the Governor of the Bank of Israel to supervise banks.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec2', section: '2', title: 'License Requirement', content: 'Section 2. No person shall conduct banking business except under a license issued under this Ordinance.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec14A', section: '14A', title: 'Banking Secrecy', content: 'Section 14A. Banking Secrecy. (a) A bank, its officers, employees, and agents shall maintain the confidentiality of information regarding customers\' accounts and affairs. (b) Banking information shall not be disclosed except with the customer\'s consent or as required by law.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec22', section: '22', title: 'Supervision', content: 'Section 22. The Supervisor of Banks shall supervise the operations of banks and ensure compliance with this Ordinance, including the maintenance of adequate capital, liquidity, and risk management practices.' },
],
definitions: [
{ term: 'banking business', definition: 'The acceptance of deposits of money from the public for the purpose of lending or investing, and including the provision of banking services', source_provision: 'sec1' },
{ term: 'Supervisor of Banks', definition: 'The officer appointed by the Governor of the Bank of Israel to supervise banks', source_provision: 'sec1' },
],
},
'banking-licensing-law-1981': {
description: 'The Banking (Licensing) Law 5741-1981 modernizes the banking licensing regime in Israel. It establishes requirements for obtaining and maintaining a banking license, capital adequacy requirements, and supervisory powers of the Bank of Israel. The law addresses information security obligations, requiring banks to implement protective measures for customer data and financial systems.',
provisions: [
{ provision_ref: 'sec1', section: '1', title: 'Definitions', content: 'Section 1. Definitions. In this Law: "banking corporation" - a body corporate licensed to carry on banking business in Israel; "auxiliary corporation" - a corporation controlled by a banking corporation that provides services ancillary to banking.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec3', section: '3', title: 'License Requirement', content: 'Section 3. No body corporate shall carry on banking business in Israel unless it has been granted a license by the Governor of the Bank of Israel.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec5', section: '5', title: 'Capital Requirements', content: 'Section 5. The Governor may prescribe minimum capital requirements for banking corporations, taking into account the nature and extent of the corporation\'s activities and the risks to which it is exposed.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec14', section: '14', title: 'Risk Management', content: 'Section 14. A banking corporation shall maintain adequate systems for risk management, internal controls, compliance, and information security, as prescribed by the Supervisor of Banks.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec27', section: '27', title: 'Outsourcing', content: 'Section 27. A banking corporation that outsources any of its activities shall ensure that the outsourcing arrangements comply with requirements prescribed by the Supervisor, including data protection and information security requirements.' },
],
definitions: [
{ term: 'banking corporation', definition: 'A body corporate licensed to carry on banking business in Israel', source_provision: 'sec1' },
],
},
'insurance-business-law-1981': {
description: 'The Insurance Business (Control) Law 5741-1981 regulates the insurance industry in Israel. It establishes licensing requirements for insurers and insurance agents, solvency requirements, policyholder protection, and supervisory authority of the Commissioner of Insurance (now Capital Markets Authority). The law includes data protection obligations for insurance companies handling policyholder personal information.',
provisions: [
{ provision_ref: 'sec1', section: '1', title: 'Definitions', content: 'Section 1. In this Law: "insurer" - a body corporate licensed to carry on insurance business in Israel; "insurance agent" - a person licensed to arrange insurance contracts on behalf of an insurer or insured; "Commissioner" - the Commissioner of Insurance appointed under this Law.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec2', section: '2', title: 'License Requirement', content: 'Section 2. No person shall carry on insurance business in Israel except under a license issued by the Commissioner.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec15', section: '15', title: 'Policyholder Data Protection', content: 'Section 15. An insurer shall maintain the confidentiality of policyholder information and shall not disclose or use such information except as required for the provision of insurance services, with the policyholder\'s consent, or as required by law.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec30', section: '30', title: 'Solvency Requirements', content: 'Section 30. An insurer shall maintain a margin of solvency as prescribed by the Commissioner, including adequate technical reserves, reinsurance arrangements, and capital buffers.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec40', section: '40', title: 'Information Security', content: 'Section 40. An insurer shall implement information security measures to protect policyholder data, claims information, and other sensitive business information from unauthorized access, use, or disclosure.' },
],
definitions: [
{ term: 'insurer', definition: 'A body corporate licensed to carry on insurance business in Israel', source_provision: 'sec1' },
{ term: 'Commissioner', definition: 'The Commissioner of Insurance appointed under this Law', source_provision: 'sec1' },
],
},
'anti-money-laundering-law-2000': {
description: 'The Prohibition of Money Laundering Law 5760-2000 criminalizes money laundering and establishes the Israel Money Laundering and Terror Financing Prohibition Authority (IMPA). It mandates customer due diligence (KYC), suspicious activity reporting, and record-keeping obligations for financial institutions. The law implements FATF recommendations and includes data handling and information-sharing provisions.',
provisions: [
{ provision_ref: 'sec1', section: '1', title: 'Definitions', content: 'Section 1. In this Law: "laundering offense" - an act performed with property derived from a predicate offense, with the purpose of concealing or disguising the illicit origin of the property, the identity of the rights holders, or the source, location, disposition, or movement of such property; "predicate offense" - an offense listed in the First Schedule to this Law; "Authority" - the Israel Money Laundering and Terror Financing Prohibition Authority.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec2', section: '2', title: 'Prohibition of Money Laundering', content: 'Section 2. (a) A person who performs a transaction in property or provides a financial service in connection with property knowing it to be derived from a predicate offense, with the purpose of concealing or disguising its origin, commits a money laundering offense. (b) A person who performs a transaction in property, knowing it to be property in which a money laundering offense was committed, commits a money laundering offense.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec7', section: '7', title: 'Customer Identification', content: 'Section 7. (a) Financial institutions shall identify and verify the identity of their customers before establishing a business relationship or conducting a transaction. (b) Financial institutions shall identify the beneficial owner of the property involved in the transaction.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec9', section: '9', title: 'Reporting Obligations', content: 'Section 9. (a) Financial institutions shall report to the Authority any unusual transaction or any transaction that the institution has reason to suspect involves property derived from an offense. (b) Reports shall be made in the form and manner prescribed by the Authority.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec10', section: '10', title: 'Record Keeping', content: 'Section 10. Financial institutions shall maintain records of customer identification documents and transaction records for a period of not less than 7 years from the date of the transaction or the termination of the business relationship.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec25', section: '25', title: 'Information Sharing', content: 'Section 25. The Authority may share information with foreign counterpart authorities pursuant to international agreements, subject to conditions prescribed to protect the confidentiality of the information and the rights of individuals.' },
],
definitions: [
{ term: 'laundering offense', definition: 'An act performed with property derived from a predicate offense, with the purpose of concealing or disguising the illicit origin of the property', source_provision: 'sec1' },
{ term: 'predicate offense', definition: 'An offense listed in the First Schedule to the Prohibition of Money Laundering Law', source_provision: 'sec1' },
{ term: 'Authority', definition: 'The Israel Money Laundering and Terror Financing Prohibition Authority', source_provision: 'sec1' },
],
},
'terror-financing-prohibition-law-2005': {
description: 'The Prohibition on Terror Financing Law 5765-2005 criminalizes the financing of terrorism and provides for the designation and freezing of terrorist assets. It implements UN Security Council Resolution 1373 and FATF standards on combating terror financing.',
provisions: [
{ provision_ref: 'sec1', section: '1', title: 'Definitions', content: 'Section 1. In this Law: "terrorist act" - an act of violence or threat of violence against a person or property, or an act that endangers the life of a person, committed with the intention of advancing a political, religious, or ideological cause, or to intimidate the public; "terror financing" - providing, collecting, or making available financial resources or financial services with the knowledge or intent that they will be used to commit or support a terrorist act.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec2', section: '2', title: 'Prohibition of Terror Financing', content: 'Section 2. A person who provides, collects, or makes available financial resources or financial services, knowing or intending that they be used to commit or support a terrorist act, commits an offense punishable by imprisonment.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec3', section: '3', title: 'Designation Orders', content: 'Section 3. The Minister of Defense may, by order, designate a person or organization as a terrorist entity if there are reasonable grounds to believe that the person or organization is involved in terrorism or terror financing.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec5', section: '5', title: 'Freezing of Assets', content: 'Section 5. Upon designation, all property of the designated entity shall be frozen. No person shall make financial resources or financial services available to a designated entity.' },
],
definitions: [
{ term: 'terrorist act', definition: 'An act of violence or threat committed with the intention of advancing a political, religious, or ideological cause, or to intimidate the public', source_provision: 'sec1' },
{ term: 'terror financing', definition: 'Providing, collecting, or making available financial resources or financial services with the knowledge or intent that they will be used for terrorist acts', source_provision: 'sec1' },
],
},
'financial-services-regulation-law-2005': {
description: 'The Financial Services Regulation (Financial Services) Law 5765-2005 establishes the regulatory framework for non-banking financial services in Israel, including investment advice, portfolio management, and financial marketing. It requires licensing, imposes conduct-of-business rules, and includes client data protection obligations.',
provisions: [
{ provision_ref: 'sec1', section: '1', title: 'Definitions', content: 'Section 1. In this Law: "financial service" - investment advice, investment portfolio management, or investment marketing; "licensee" - a person licensed under this Law to provide financial services.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec2', section: '2', title: 'License Requirement', content: 'Section 2. No person shall provide a financial service except under a license issued by the Israel Securities Authority.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec12', section: '12', title: 'Client Data', content: 'Section 12. A licensee shall maintain the confidentiality of client information and financial data and shall not disclose such information except as required for the provision of financial services, with the client\'s consent, or as required by law.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec15', section: '15', title: 'Record Keeping', content: 'Section 15. A licensee shall maintain records of all communications, transactions, and client interactions for a period prescribed by regulation.' },
],
definitions: [
{ term: 'financial service', definition: 'Investment advice, investment portfolio management, or investment marketing', source_provision: 'sec1' },
],
},
// ── Intellectual Property Laws ───────────────────────────────────
'patent-law-1967': {
description: 'The Patents Law 5727-1967 governs the patent system in Israel. It establishes requirements for patentability (novelty, inventive step, industrial application), the patent application process, rights of patent holders, compulsory licensing, and enforcement. Israel is a member of the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT).',
provisions: [
{ provision_ref: 'sec1', section: '1', title: 'Definitions', content: 'Section 1. In this Law: "invention" - a product, including a microbiological product, or a process in any field of technology, which is new, involves an inventive step, and is industrially applicable; "patent" - a patent granted under this Law.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec3', section: '3', title: 'Patentable Inventions', content: 'Section 3. An invention is patentable if it is new, involves an inventive step, and is capable of industrial application.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec4', section: '4', title: 'Novelty', content: 'Section 4. An invention is considered new if it was not known to the public in Israel or elsewhere before the date of the patent application, whether by written or oral publication, by use, or in any other manner.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec49', section: '49', title: 'Rights Conferred by Patent', content: 'Section 49. A patent holder has the exclusive right to exploit the patented invention, including the right to manufacture, use, offer for sale, sell, or import the patented product or process.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec117', section: '117', title: 'Compulsory License', content: 'Section 117. The Patent Registrar may grant a compulsory license for the exploitation of a patented invention if: (a) three years have elapsed since the grant of the patent and the patent is not being exploited in Israel to a reasonable extent; (b) the grant of a compulsory license is necessary for the public interest.' },
],
definitions: [
{ term: 'invention', definition: 'A product or process in any field of technology, which is new, involves an inventive step, and is industrially applicable', source_provision: 'sec1' },
],
},
'copyright-law-2007': {
description: 'The Copyright Law 5768-2007 provides comprehensive copyright protection in Israel, replacing the pre-state Copyright Ordinance. It covers literary, artistic, dramatic, and musical works, computer programs, databases, broadcasts, and sound recordings. The law addresses digital rights management, ISP liability, and fair use.',
provisions: [
{ provision_ref: 'sec1', section: '1', title: 'Definitions', content: 'Section 1. In this Law: "work" - a literary work, artistic work, dramatic work, or musical work; "literary work" includes a computer program and a compilation of data (database); "copyright" - the exclusive right to perform the acts specified in Section 11 in respect of a work.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec4', section: '4', title: 'Copyright Subsistence', content: 'Section 4. Copyright subsists in a work that is original and is fixed in any form.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec11', section: '11', title: 'Exclusive Rights', content: 'Section 11. The owner of a copyright in a work has the exclusive right to: (1) reproduce the work; (2) publish the work; (3) perform the work in public; (4) broadcast the work; (5) make the work available to the public; (6) make an adaptation of the work; (7) rent a copy of the work (for sound recordings and computer programs).' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec19', section: '19', title: 'Fair Use', content: 'Section 19. (a) Fair use of a work is permitted for purposes such as: private study, research, criticism, review, reporting, quotation, or instruction and examination by an educational institution. (b) In determining whether a use is fair, the following factors shall be considered: (1) the purpose and character of the use; (2) the character of the work used; (3) the extent of the use; (4) the effect on the market value of the work.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec50', section: '50', title: 'Technological Protection Measures', content: 'Section 50. No person shall circumvent a technological measure that effectively controls access to a copyrighted work or prevents the exercise of an act that constitutes an infringement of copyright. A person who circumvents such measures is liable as if he had infringed the copyright.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec53', section: '53', title: 'ISP Liability', content: 'Section 53. An internet service provider shall not be liable for copyright infringement committed by a user of its service if the provider: (a) did not know of the infringing activity; (b) upon receiving notice, acted expeditiously to remove or disable access to the infringing material.' },
],
definitions: [
{ term: 'work', definition: 'A literary work, artistic work, dramatic work, or musical work', source_provision: 'sec1' },
{ term: 'literary work', definition: 'Includes a computer program and a compilation of data (database)', source_provision: 'sec1' },
{ term: 'copyright', definition: 'The exclusive right to perform acts specified in Section 11 in respect of a work', source_provision: 'sec1' },
],
},
'trademarks-ordinance-1972': {
description: 'The Trademarks Ordinance (New Version) 5732-1972 governs trademark registration and protection in Israel. It establishes the trademark registry, registration requirements, rights of trademark owners, and enforcement mechanisms. Israel is a member of the Madrid Protocol for international trademark registration.',
provisions: [
{ provision_ref: 'sec1', section: '1', title: 'Definitions', content: 'Section 1. In this Ordinance: "mark" includes a word, design, letters, numerals, a shape of goods or their packaging, a color, or any combination thereof; "trademark" - a mark used by a person in relation to goods or services for the purpose of indicating a connection between the goods or services and that person.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec8', section: '8', title: 'Registrable Marks', content: 'Section 8. A mark is registrable as a trademark if it is distinctive and is not identical or confusingly similar to an existing registered mark for the same or similar goods or services.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec46', section: '46', title: 'Rights of Registered Owner', content: 'Section 46. Registration of a trademark gives the registered owner the exclusive right to use the mark in relation to the goods or services for which it is registered.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec60', section: '60', title: 'Infringement', content: 'Section 60. Unauthorized use of a registered trademark or a mark confusingly similar to it in relation to goods or services for which the trademark is registered constitutes infringement.' },
],
definitions: [
{ term: 'mark', definition: 'A word, design, letters, numerals, a shape of goods or their packaging, a color, or any combination thereof', source_provision: 'sec1' },
{ term: 'trademark', definition: 'A mark used in relation to goods or services to indicate a connection between the goods or services and a person', source_provision: 'sec1' },
],
},
'trade-secrets-law-1999': {
description: 'The Trade Secrets Law 5759-1999 provides protection for confidential business information in Israel. It defines trade secrets, prohibits misappropriation, and establishes remedies including injunctions and damages. The law is relevant to cybersecurity as it protects proprietary technology, algorithms, and security configurations.',
provisions: [
{ provision_ref: 'sec1', section: '1', title: 'Definitions', content: 'Section 1. In this Law: "trade secret" - business information that is not publicly known, that derives actual or potential commercial value from not being known, and the owner of which takes reasonable steps to maintain its secrecy; "misappropriation" - acquisition of a trade secret by improper means, or disclosure or use of a trade secret by a person who obtained it by improper means or in breach of a duty of confidence.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec5', section: '5', title: 'Prohibition of Misappropriation', content: 'Section 5. No person shall misappropriate a trade secret. Misappropriation includes: (a) acquiring a trade secret by theft, bribery, fraud, breach of confidence, or other improper means; (b) disclosing or using a trade secret obtained by improper means; (c) disclosing or using a trade secret in breach of a duty of confidence.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec11', section: '11', title: 'Remedies', content: 'Section 11. The court may grant any of the following remedies for misappropriation: (a) an injunction against further use or disclosure; (b) damages, including reasonable royalties; (c) delivery up or destruction of materials embodying the trade secret; (d) an account of profits derived from the misappropriation.' },
],
definitions: [
{ term: 'trade secret', definition: 'Business information that is not publicly known, derives commercial value from not being known, and the owner takes reasonable steps to maintain its secrecy', source_provision: 'sec1' },
{ term: 'misappropriation', definition: 'Acquisition of a trade secret by improper means, or disclosure or use of a trade secret in breach of duty', source_provision: 'sec1' },
],
},
// ── Labor & Employment Laws ──────────────────────────────────────
'employment-law-1959': {
description: 'The Employment Service Law 5719-1959 establishes the public employment service in Israel. It regulates the operation of employment agencies, job placement services, and worker protection in the hiring process.',
provisions: [
{ provision_ref: 'sec1', section: '1', title: 'Employment Service', content: 'Section 1. There shall be a public employment service that shall assist in matching workers with employers.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec8', section: '8', title: 'Private Employment Agencies', content: 'Section 8. No person shall operate an employment agency except under a license issued by the Minister of Labor.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec13', section: '13', title: 'Anti-Discrimination', content: 'Section 13. An employment agency shall not discriminate against any person seeking employment on the basis of race, religion, sex, nationality, country of origin, sexual orientation, political opinion, or personal status.' },
],
definitions: [],
},
'hours-of-work-and-rest-law-1951': {
description: 'The Hours of Work and Rest Law 5711-1951 regulates working hours, overtime, and rest periods in Israel. It establishes the standard work week, maximum working hours, mandatory rest days, and overtime compensation requirements.',
provisions: [
{ provision_ref: 'sec1', section: '1', title: 'Scope', content: 'Section 1. This Law applies to all employees in Israel, subject to exceptions provided herein.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec2', section: '2', title: 'Working Day', content: 'Section 2. A working day shall not exceed 8 hours, and 7 hours on the day preceding the weekly rest day.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec3', section: '3', title: 'Working Week', content: 'Section 3. The working week shall not exceed 45 hours.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec5', section: '5', title: 'Overtime', content: 'Section 5. An employer shall not require or permit an employee to work more hours than the hours prescribed in this Law, unless overtime has been authorized by the Minister of Labor.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec16', section: '16', title: 'Overtime Compensation', content: 'Section 16. For overtime work, an employee shall be entitled to compensation of not less than 125% of the normal hourly wage for the first two overtime hours, and 150% for each additional hour.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec7', section: '7', title: 'Weekly Rest', content: 'Section 7. Every employee is entitled to a weekly rest period of at least 36 consecutive hours, which shall include the employee\'s rest day.' },
],
definitions: [],
},
'annual-leave-law-1951': {
description: 'The Annual Leave Law 5711-1951 establishes the right of every employee to paid annual leave. It sets minimum leave entitlements based on length of service and regulates the timing and payment of leave.',
provisions: [
{ provision_ref: 'sec1', section: '1', title: 'Scope', content: 'Section 1. Every employee is entitled to annual leave with pay in accordance with this Law.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec3', section: '3', title: 'Leave Entitlement', content: 'Section 3. The minimum annual leave entitlement is: (a) 14 working days for the first 4 years of employment; (b) 16 days in the 5th year; (c) 18 days in the 6th year; (d) 21 days in the 7th year and beyond.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec5', section: '5', title: 'Timing of Leave', content: 'Section 5. The employer shall determine the timing of the annual leave after consulting with the employee. At least 7 consecutive days of leave shall be granted.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec10', section: '10', title: 'Leave Payment', content: 'Section 10. During annual leave, the employee shall be paid leave pay equivalent to the regular wages the employee would have received had the employee worked during that period.' },
],
definitions: [],
},
'severance-pay-law-1963': {
description: 'The Severance Pay Law 5723-1963 establishes the right of employees to severance pay upon termination of employment. It defines the circumstances in which severance pay is due, the calculation method, and special provisions for resignation and retirement.',
provisions: [
{ provision_ref: 'sec1', section: '1', title: 'Entitlement', content: 'Section 1. An employee who is dismissed after one year of continuous employment with the same employer is entitled to severance pay.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec12', section: '12', title: 'Calculation', content: 'Section 12. Severance pay shall be calculated at the rate of one month\'s wages for each year of employment.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec14', section: '14', title: 'Section 14 Arrangement', content: 'Section 14. The Minister of Labor may, with the approval of the Finance Committee of the Knesset, provide that employer contributions to a severance fund or pension fund shall be deemed to be in lieu of severance pay. This is commonly known as the "Section 14 arrangement" and applies to most employees in Israel.' },
],
definitions: [],
},
'employment-equal-opportunities-law-1988': {
description: 'The Employment (Equal Opportunities) Law 5748-1988 prohibits discrimination in employment on various grounds including sex, sexual orientation, age, race, religion, nationality, country of origin, pregnancy, parenthood, fertility treatments, and disability. It addresses hiring, terms of employment, promotion, training, dismissal, and severance.',
provisions: [
{ provision_ref: 'sec2', section: '2', title: 'Prohibited Discrimination', content: 'Section 2. (a) An employer shall not discriminate among employees or job applicants on the basis of sex, sexual orientation, personal status, pregnancy, fertility treatment, parenthood, age, race, religion, nationality, country of origin, views, political party, or military reserve service.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec7', section: '7', title: 'Sexual Harassment', content: 'Section 7. An employer shall take reasonable measures to prevent sexual harassment and the abuse of authority in the workplace, in accordance with the Prevention of Sexual Harassment Law.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec9', section: '9', title: 'Remedies', content: 'Section 9. A labor court may order compensation of up to 50,000 NIS (without proof of damage) against an employer found to have discriminated in violation of this Law.' },
],
definitions: [],
},
// ── Consumer & Contract Law ──────────────────────────────────────
'consumer-protection-law-1981': {
description: 'The Consumer Protection Law 5741-1981 protects consumers against unfair business practices, misleading advertising, and defective goods and services. It establishes disclosure requirements, cooling-off periods for distance selling, and class action provisions. The law is relevant to digital commerce, online services, and SaaS agreements.',
provisions: [
{ provision_ref: 'sec1', section: '1', title: 'Definitions', content: 'Section 1. In this Law: "consumer" - a person who purchases or receives a product or service from a dealer; "dealer" - a person who sells or provides a product or service in the course of business; "product" - movable property and immovable property, including rights.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec2', section: '2', title: 'Misleading Conduct', content: 'Section 2. No dealer shall, by act or omission, by oral or written statement, or in any other manner, mislead a consumer in any material matter relating to a transaction.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec4', section: '4', title: 'Disclosure Requirements', content: 'Section 4. A dealer shall disclose to a consumer, before a transaction, all material information regarding the product or service, including its essential characteristics, price, warranty, and any known defects.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec14A', section: '14A', title: 'Distance Selling Cancellation', content: 'Section 14A. (a) A consumer who has entered into a transaction by distance selling (including internet, telephone, or mail order) may cancel the transaction within 14 days of receipt of the product or the making of the contract, whichever is later. (b) In case of cancellation, the dealer shall refund the payment within 14 days.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec18', section: '18', title: 'Unfair Contract Terms', content: 'Section 18. A court may declare void or modify a contract term that is unfair or unconscionable, taking into account the circumstances of the transaction and the relative bargaining power of the parties.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec31', section: '31', title: 'Class Actions', content: 'Section 31. A consumer may bring a class action on behalf of a group of consumers who have been similarly affected by a dealer\'s violation of this Law.' },
],
definitions: [
{ term: 'consumer', definition: 'A person who purchases or receives a product or service from a dealer', source_provision: 'sec1' },
{ term: 'dealer', definition: 'A person who sells or provides a product or service in the course of business', source_provision: 'sec1' },
],
},
'standard-contracts-law-1982': {
description: 'The Standard Contracts Law 5743-1982 regulates standard form contracts in Israel. It establishes the Standard Contracts Tribunal, which has authority to review and modify unfair terms in standard form contracts. This law is relevant to software licensing, SaaS agreements, terms of service, and privacy policies.',
provisions: [
{ provision_ref: 'sec1', section: '1', title: 'Definitions', content: 'Section 1. In this Law: "standard contract" - a contract whose terms, in whole or in part, have been predetermined by one party and the other party has had no significant ability to negotiate; "restrictive condition" - a condition in a standard contract that unduly restricts or denies a right to which the customer would otherwise be entitled.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec3', section: '3', title: 'Void Conditions', content: 'Section 3. A restrictive condition in a standard contract that unduly restricts the rights of the customer or grants the supplier excessive advantages is void.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec4', section: '4', title: 'Specific Void Conditions', content: 'Section 4. The following conditions are deemed to be restrictive: (a) exempting the supplier from liability for breach; (b) granting the supplier unilateral right to cancel the contract; (c) restricting the customer\'s right to legal remedies; (d) unilateral modification of contract terms; (e) automatic renewal without notice.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec6', section: '6', title: 'Standard Contracts Tribunal', content: 'Section 6. The Standard Contracts Tribunal may, upon application, declare a condition in a standard contract to be a restrictive condition and order its modification or annulment.' },
],
definitions: [
{ term: 'standard contract', definition: 'A contract whose terms have been predetermined by one party and the other party has had no significant ability to negotiate', source_provision: 'sec1' },
{ term: 'restrictive condition', definition: 'A condition in a standard contract that unduly restricts or denies a right to which the customer would otherwise be entitled', source_provision: 'sec1' },
],
},
'contracts-general-part-law-1973': {
description: 'The Contracts (General Part) Law 5733-1973 establishes the general principles of contract law in Israel. It governs the formation, interpretation, validity, and performance of contracts, including electronic contracts and digital agreements.',
provisions: [
{ provision_ref: 'sec1', section: '1', title: 'Formation of Contract', content: 'Section 1. A contract is formed by an offer made by one person to another and acceptance of the offer by the offeree.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec2', section: '2', title: 'Offer', content: 'Section 2. An offer to enter into a contract is a proposal made by one person to another expressing willingness to enter into a contract on specified terms.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec12', section: '12', title: 'Good Faith', content: 'Section 12. (a) In negotiating a contract, each party shall act in good faith and in a customary manner. (b) A party who does not act in good faith is liable for damage caused to the other party through reliance on the negotiation.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec14', section: '14', title: 'Mistake', content: 'Section 14. (a) A contract made as a result of a mistake may be voidable if the mistake was material and the other party knew or should have known of the mistake. (b) A contract made as a result of a fundamental mistake, shared by both parties, may be void.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec25', section: '25', title: 'Interpretation', content: 'Section 25. A contract shall be interpreted according to the intention of the parties as evident from the contract, read as a whole, and in the light of the surrounding circumstances.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec39', section: '39', title: 'Performance in Good Faith', content: 'Section 39. In performing a contractual obligation and exercising a contractual right, each party shall act in good faith and in a customary manner.' },
],
definitions: [],
},
// ── Procedural Law ───────────────────────────────────────────────
'evidence-ordinance-1971': {
description: 'The Evidence Ordinance (New Version) 5731-1971 governs the law of evidence in Israeli courts. It covers admissibility, competence and compellability of witnesses, documentary evidence, expert evidence, and electronic evidence. The ordinance addresses admissibility of computer-generated records, digital evidence, and electronic documents.',
provisions: [
{ provision_ref: 'sec1', section: '1', title: 'Scope', content: 'Section 1. This Ordinance governs the law of evidence in civil and criminal proceedings in Israel, unless otherwise provided by statute.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec3', section: '3', title: 'Competence of Witnesses', content: 'Section 3. Every person is competent to testify as a witness unless the court is satisfied that the person is incapable of understanding the duty to tell the truth.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec35', section: '35', title: 'Documentary Evidence', content: 'Section 35. A document is admissible in evidence if it is an original or a certified copy, and if its authenticity has been established in accordance with this Ordinance.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec36', section: '36', title: 'Computer Records', content: 'Section 36. (a) A printout of data stored in a computer is admissible in evidence if the court is satisfied that the computer was operating properly at the material time and that the data was regularly fed into the computer in the ordinary course of business. (b) Electronic records and computer-generated documents are admissible on the same terms.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec54', section: '54', title: 'Privileged Communications', content: 'Section 54. Communications between a person and his or her attorney are privileged and may not be disclosed in evidence without the consent of the client.' },
],
definitions: [],
},
'courts-law-1984': {
description: 'The Courts Law (Consolidated Version) 5744-1984 establishes the structure and jurisdiction of the Israeli court system. It defines the hierarchy of courts (Magistrate, District, Supreme), jurisdiction rules, judicial appointment, and procedural matters.',
provisions: [
{ provision_ref: 'sec1', section: '1', title: 'Court System', content: 'Section 1. The courts in Israel are: (1) the Magistrate\'s Court; (2) the District Court; (3) the Supreme Court.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec51', section: '51', title: 'Magistrate\'s Court Jurisdiction', content: 'Section 51. A Magistrate\'s Court has jurisdiction in civil claims not exceeding 2,500,000 NIS and in criminal offenses punishable by up to 7 years imprisonment.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec40', section: '40', title: 'District Court Jurisdiction', content: 'Section 40. The District Court has jurisdiction as a court of first instance in civil claims exceeding the monetary jurisdiction of the Magistrate\'s Court, in administrative petitions, and as an appellate court for decisions of the Magistrate\'s Court.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec26', section: '26', title: 'Supreme Court', content: 'Section 26. The Supreme Court sits as a court of appeal from the District Court and, sitting as the High Court of Justice, has jurisdiction to issue orders to state authorities and public bodies.' },
],
definitions: [],
},
'criminal-procedure-law-1982': {
description: 'The Criminal Procedure Law (Consolidated Version) 5742-1982 governs criminal procedure in Israel from investigation through trial, sentencing, and appeal. It is relevant to cybercrime prosecution and digital forensics.',
provisions: [
{ provision_ref: 'sec1', section: '1', title: 'Scope', content: 'Section 1. This Law applies to all criminal proceedings in Israel.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec23', section: '23', title: 'Search and Seizure', content: 'Section 23. A court may issue a search warrant authorizing a police officer to enter premises and search for and seize evidence of an offense, including electronic devices and digital storage media.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec43', section: '43', title: 'Arrest', content: 'Section 43. A police officer may arrest a person without a warrant if the officer has reasonable grounds to believe that the person has committed or is about to commit an offense.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec60A', section: '60A', title: 'Plea Bargain', content: 'Section 60A. The prosecution and the accused may reach a plea agreement regarding the charges, the facts, and the punishment, subject to the approval of the court.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec74', section: '74', title: 'Disclosure of Evidence', content: 'Section 74. The prosecution shall disclose to the defense all evidence in its possession that is relevant to the case, including evidence favorable to the accused.' },
],
definitions: [],
},
'civil-procedure-regulations-1984': {
description: 'The Civil Procedure Regulations 5744-1984 govern civil litigation procedures in Israeli courts. They address pleadings, discovery, interim remedies, trial procedure, evidence, and enforcement of judgments. The regulations include provisions on electronic filing and electronic discovery.',
provisions: [
{ provision_ref: 'reg1', section: '1', title: 'Scope', content: 'Regulation 1. These Regulations apply to all civil proceedings in the Magistrate\'s Courts and District Courts of Israel.' },
{ provision_ref: 'reg30', section: '30', title: 'Discovery', content: 'Regulation 30. (a) After the filing of a defense, either party may serve a notice on the other requiring the production of documents relevant to the case. (b) The notice may specify categories of documents, including electronic documents and computer records.' },
{ provision_ref: 'reg362', section: '362', title: 'Interim Injunctions', content: 'Regulation 362. The court may grant an interim injunction restraining a party from performing an act or requiring a party to perform an act, if the court is satisfied that the applicant has a prima facie case and the balance of convenience favors the grant of the injunction.' },
{ provision_ref: 'reg500', section: '500', title: 'Electronic Filing', content: 'Regulation 500. Court documents may be filed electronically through the court\'s electronic filing system, subject to technical requirements prescribed by the Director of Courts.' },
],
definitions: [],
},
// ── Criminal Law ─────────────────────────────────────────────────
'penal-law-1977': {
description: 'The Penal Law 5737-1977 is the primary criminal code of Israel. It defines criminal offenses, penalties, defenses, and sentencing principles. Relevant sections address fraud, forgery, cybercrime (via amendments and the Computers Law), invasion of privacy, and economic crimes.',
provisions: [
{ provision_ref: 'sec1', section: '1', title: 'Application', content: 'Section 1. This Law applies to offenses committed in Israel. It also applies to offenses committed abroad in certain circumstances prescribed by this Law.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec34', section: '34', title: 'Mens Rea', content: 'Section 34. Criminal liability requires a criminal state of mind (mens rea) comprising intention, recklessness, or negligence, as defined in respect of each offense.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec244', section: '244', title: 'Fraud', content: 'Section 244. A person who obtains a thing by fraud, deceit, or false pretenses is liable to imprisonment of 3 years. If the offense is committed in aggravating circumstances, the penalty is 5 years imprisonment.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec415', section: '415', title: 'Theft', content: 'Section 415. A person who takes and carries away any property of another without the other\'s consent, with the intention of permanently depriving the other of the property, commits theft.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec418', section: '418', title: 'Forgery', content: 'Section 418. A person who makes a false document with the intention that it be used as genuine commits forgery. The penalty for forgery is imprisonment of 1 to 7 years depending on the type of document.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec496', section: '496', title: 'Invasion of Privacy (Criminal)', content: 'Section 496. A person who invades the privacy of another by any of the means specified in the Privacy Protection Law commits a criminal offense punishable by imprisonment of 5 years.' },
],
definitions: [],
},
'wiretapping-law-1979': {
description: 'The Wiretapping Law 5739-1979 regulates wiretapping and electronic surveillance in Israel. It prohibits unauthorized interception of communications, establishes a judicial warrant process for lawful interception, and sets penalties for illegal wiretapping. The law is directly relevant to cybersecurity surveillance, law enforcement access to communications, and privacy of electronic communications.',
provisions: [
{ provision_ref: 'sec1', section: '1', title: 'Definitions', content: 'Section 1. In this Law: "wiretapping" - listening to, recording, or copying of a communication transmitted through a telecommunications system, without the consent of at least one of the parties to the communication; "communication" - any conversation, message, or signal transmitted through a telecommunications system.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec2', section: '2', title: 'Prohibition of Wiretapping', content: 'Section 2. No person shall perform wiretapping except as authorized under this Law. A person who performs unauthorized wiretapping is liable to imprisonment of 5 years.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec6', section: '6', title: 'Wiretapping Warrant', content: 'Section 6. (a) A District Court President may issue a warrant authorizing wiretapping if satisfied that the wiretapping is necessary for the investigation of a serious offense, and that there is no other reasonable means of obtaining the evidence. (b) A warrant shall specify the target, the telecommunications system, and the duration (not exceeding 3 months, renewable).' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec13', section: '13', title: 'Admissibility of Evidence', content: 'Section 13. Evidence obtained through lawful wiretapping is admissible in court proceedings. Evidence obtained through unlawful wiretapping is inadmissible, except in a prosecution for the wiretapping offense itself.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec14', section: '14', title: 'Penalties', content: 'Section 14. (a) A person who performs unauthorized wiretapping is liable to imprisonment of 5 years. (b) A person who discloses information obtained through unauthorized wiretapping is liable to imprisonment of 3 years.' },
],
definitions: [
{ term: 'wiretapping', definition: 'Listening to, recording, or copying of a communication transmitted through a telecommunications system, without the consent of at least one of the parties', source_provision: 'sec1' },
],
},
// ── Planning, Environment & Infrastructure ───────────────────────
'planning-and-building-law-1965': {
description: 'The Planning and Building Law 5725-1965 is the primary legislation governing land use planning and building in Israel. It establishes the planning hierarchy (national, district, local), building permit requirements, and enforcement mechanisms. Relevant to infrastructure projects, data center construction, and critical infrastructure siting.',
provisions: [
{ provision_ref: 'sec1', section: '1', title: 'Definitions', content: 'Section 1. In this Law: "building" - any construction, including erection, alteration, extension, or demolition of a structure; "planning institution" - the National Planning Council, a district planning committee, or a local planning committee.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec145', section: '145', title: 'Building Permit Requirement', content: 'Section 145. No person shall carry out building or use land unless a building permit has been issued by the relevant local planning committee.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec157', section: '157', title: 'National Infrastructure', content: 'Section 157. The National Planning Council may approve national infrastructure plans that override local and district plans, including plans for telecommunications infrastructure, energy facilities, and defense installations.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec204', section: '204', title: 'Enforcement', content: 'Section 204. A planning authority may issue a stop-work order or demolition order in respect of unauthorized building or land use in violation of this Law or a planning scheme.' },
],
definitions: [
{ term: 'building', definition: 'Any construction, including erection, alteration, extension, or demolition of a structure', source_provision: 'sec1' },
],
},
'environmental-protection-law-2008': {
description: 'The Clean Air Law 5768-2008 regulates air pollution prevention and control in Israel. It establishes emission standards, permitting requirements, monitoring obligations, and enforcement mechanisms. Relevant to data center operations and industrial facility environmental compliance.',
provisions: [
{ provision_ref: 'sec1', section: '1', title: 'Purpose', content: 'Section 1. The purpose of this Law is to bring about a significant improvement in air quality in Israel by preventing, reducing, and controlling air pollution, for the protection of human health and the environment.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec7', section: '7', title: 'Emission Permit', content: 'Section 7. A person who operates a source of air pollution designated by the Minister shall not do so without an emission permit issued under this Law.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec11', section: '11', title: 'Emission Standards', content: 'Section 11. The Minister of Environmental Protection shall prescribe emission standards for air pollutants, taking into account the best available technology and international standards.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec17', section: '17', title: 'Monitoring and Reporting', content: 'Section 17. A holder of an emission permit shall monitor emissions in accordance with the conditions of the permit and shall report the monitoring results to the Ministry of Environmental Protection.' },
],
definitions: [],
},
'hazardous-substances-law-1993': {
description: 'The Hazardous Substances Law 5753-1993 regulates the production, import, storage, transport, and disposal of hazardous substances. It establishes licensing requirements, safety standards, and emergency response obligations. Relevant to industrial cybersecurity in chemical and manufacturing sectors.',
provisions: [
{ provision_ref: 'sec1', section: '1', title: 'Definitions', content: 'Section 1. In this Law: "hazardous substance" - a substance listed in the First Schedule to this Law, or any substance that may endanger human health, public safety, or the environment; "toxin license" - a license to handle hazardous substances issued under this Law.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec3', section: '3', title: 'License Requirement', content: 'Section 3. No person shall produce, import, store, transport, sell, or otherwise deal in a hazardous substance except under a toxin license issued by the Minister of Environmental Protection.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec8', section: '8', title: 'Safety Requirements', content: 'Section 8. A license holder shall implement safety measures as prescribed by the Minister, including emergency response plans, containment measures, and worker protection.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec15', section: '15', title: 'Incident Reporting', content: 'Section 15. A person who handles hazardous substances shall immediately report to the Ministry of Environmental Protection any incident involving the release of a hazardous substance.' },
],
definitions: [
{ term: 'hazardous substance', definition: 'A substance that may endanger human health, public safety, or the environment, listed in the First Schedule', source_provision: 'sec1' },
],
},
// ── Telecommunications & Postal ──────────────────────────────────
'postal-law-1986': {
description: 'The Postal Authority Law 5746-1986 governs postal services in Israel. It establishes the Israel Postal Company, regulates mail services, and protects the privacy of postal communications. The law includes provisions on the secrecy of correspondence and conditions for opening mail.',
provisions: [
{ provision_ref: 'sec1', section: '1', title: 'Definitions', content: 'Section 1. In this Law: "postal services" - the collection, sorting, transport, and delivery of letters, parcels, and other postal items; "postal item" - any letter, parcel, or other object sent through the postal service.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec37', section: '37', title: 'Secrecy of Correspondence', content: 'Section 37. (a) The Israel Postal Company, its employees and agents shall maintain the secrecy of correspondence and shall not open, examine, or disclose the contents of any postal item except as authorized by law. (b) The secrecy obligation continues after termination of employment.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec38', section: '38', title: 'Opening of Mail', content: 'Section 38. A postal item may be opened only: (a) with the consent of the sender or addressee; (b) pursuant to a court order; (c) if there is a reasonable suspicion that the item contains a prohibited substance or dangerous material.' },
],
definitions: [
{ term: 'postal services', definition: 'The collection, sorting, transport, and delivery of letters, parcels, and other postal items', source_provision: 'sec1' },
],
},
// ── Tort & Liability ─────────────────────────────────────────────
'civil-wrongs-ordinance-1968': {
description: 'The Civil Wrongs Ordinance (New Version) 5728-1968 is the primary tort law statute in Israel. It establishes the framework for negligence, breach of statutory duty, trespass, nuisance, defamation, and other civil wrongs. Relevant to data breach liability, negligent data handling, and cybersecurity malpractice claims.',
provisions: [
{ provision_ref: 'sec35', section: '35', title: 'Negligence', content: 'Section 35. If a person does an act that a reasonable person would not do in the same circumstances, or fails to do an act that a reasonable person would do, and thereby causes damage to another, that constitutes negligence.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec36', section: '36', title: 'Duty of Care', content: 'Section 36. A person owes a duty of care to another if a reasonable person in the same position ought to have foreseen that the other might be harmed by the act or omission in the circumstances of the case.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec63', section: '63', title: 'Breach of Statutory Duty', content: 'Section 63. Where a statute prescribes a duty and its breach is actionable, a person who breaches the statutory duty is liable in tort to any person who suffers damage as a result of the breach, if the statute was intended for the protection of that person.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec68', section: '68', title: 'Measure of Damages', content: 'Section 68. In an action in tort, the court shall award damages as will, so far as money can do, restore the injured party to the position he would have been in had the tort not been committed.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec76', section: '76', title: 'Contributory Negligence', content: 'Section 76. Where the injured party contributed to the damage by his own negligence, the court shall apportion liability between the parties according to the degree of responsibility of each.' },
],
definitions: [],
},
// ── National Security & Defense ──────────────────────────────────
'defense-service-law-1986': {
description: 'The Defense Service Law (Consolidated Version) 5746-1986 regulates compulsory military service, reserve duty, and exemptions from service in Israel. It implements the constitutional framework established by Basic Law: The Military.',
provisions: [
{ provision_ref: 'sec1', section: '1', title: 'Duty of Service', content: 'Section 1. Every Israeli citizen and permanent resident who has reached the age of 18 and has not been exempted or deferred is liable for defense service.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec13', section: '13', title: 'Exemptions', content: 'Section 13. The Minister of Defense may exempt from service persons who are medically unfit, persons who serve in other security forces, and other categories prescribed by law.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec20', section: '20', title: 'Reserve Service', content: 'Section 20. A person who has completed regular service is liable for reserve service until the age prescribed by law. Reserve service shall not exceed the maximum number of days prescribed per year.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec46', section: '46', title: 'Confidentiality', content: 'Section 46. Information obtained in the course of defense service regarding military matters, security matters, or personal information of service members shall be treated as confidential.' },
],
definitions: [],
},
'cyber-defense-law-2016': {
description: 'The National Cyber Directorate (INCD) Cyber Defense Directive for Public Bodies (2016) establishes cybersecurity requirements for designated public bodies and critical infrastructure operators in Israel. Based on authority derived from the Regulation of Security in Public Bodies Law, this directive mandates risk assessments, security controls, incident reporting, and coordination with the National Cyber Directorate.',
provisions: [
{ provision_ref: 'sec1', section: '1', title: 'Scope', content: 'Section 1. This Directive applies to public bodies designated by the National Cyber Directorate as requiring cyber defense measures, including government ministries, critical infrastructure operators, and other designated organizations.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec2', section: '2', title: 'Cyber Risk Assessment', content: 'Section 2. Each designated body shall conduct a comprehensive cyber risk assessment at least annually, identifying threats, vulnerabilities, and potential impacts to its information systems and operational technology.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec3', section: '3', title: 'Security Controls', content: 'Section 3. Designated bodies shall implement security controls based on the risk assessment, including: (a) access controls and identity management; (b) network security and segmentation; (c) endpoint protection; (d) data encryption in transit and at rest; (e) security monitoring and logging; (f) vulnerability management and patching.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec4', section: '4', title: 'Incident Reporting', content: 'Section 4. Designated bodies shall report significant cyber incidents to the National Cyber Directorate within 24 hours of detection. The report shall include the nature of the incident, systems affected, data compromised, and remediation actions taken.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec5', section: '5', title: 'CISO Appointment', content: 'Section 5. Each designated body shall appoint a Chief Information Security Officer (CISO) responsible for implementing and overseeing the cyber defense program.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec6', section: '6', title: 'Annual Audit', content: 'Section 6. Designated bodies shall undergo an annual cyber security audit conducted by a qualified external auditor, with results reported to the National Cyber Directorate.' },
],
definitions: [],
},
'emergency-powers-detention-law-1979': {
description: 'The Emergency Powers (Detention) Law 5739-1979 authorizes administrative detention during states of emergency. It sets conditions for detention orders, judicial review requirements, and maximum detention periods. The law operates under the framework of the Basic Law: The Government emergency powers provisions.',
provisions: [
{ provision_ref: 'sec1', section: '1', title: 'Definitions', content: 'Section 1. In this Law: "detention order" - an order issued by the Minister of Defense for the detention of a person; "state of emergency" - a state of emergency declared under the Basic Law: The Government.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec2', section: '2', title: 'Power to Detain', content: 'Section 2. During a state of emergency, the Minister of Defense may, by order, detain a person for a period not exceeding 6 months if the Minister has reasonable grounds to believe that the detention is necessary for reasons of state security or public safety.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec4', section: '4', title: 'Judicial Review', content: 'Section 4. (a) A person detained under this Law shall be brought before a judge within 48 hours of detention. (b) The judge shall review the detention and may confirm, modify, or cancel the detention order.' },
],
definitions: [],
},
// ── Administrative & Public Law ──────────────────────────────────
'administrative-courts-law-2000': {
description: 'The Administrative Courts Law 5760-2000 establishes the jurisdiction and procedure of administrative courts in Israel. These courts hear appeals against administrative decisions, including decisions by regulatory authorities such as the Privacy Protection Authority, the Israel Securities Authority, and telecommunications regulators.',
provisions: [
{ provision_ref: 'sec1', section: '1', title: 'Administrative Courts', content: 'Section 1. Administrative courts are divisions of the District Courts designated to hear administrative matters as specified in this Law and the schedules hereto.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec5', section: '5', title: 'Jurisdiction', content: 'Section 5. Administrative courts have jurisdiction over petitions and appeals against decisions of administrative authorities as specified in the schedules to this Law, including licensing decisions, regulatory orders, and enforcement actions.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec8', section: '8', title: 'Procedure', content: 'Section 8. Administrative court proceedings shall be conducted in accordance with the rules prescribed by the Minister of Justice, with due regard to the special nature of administrative adjudication.' },
],
definitions: [],
},
'government-companies-law-1975': {
description: 'The Government Companies Law 5735-1975 governs the establishment, management, and oversight of companies owned or controlled by the Government of Israel. It establishes corporate governance requirements, transparency obligations, and the role of the Government Companies Authority.',
provisions: [
{ provision_ref: 'sec1', section: '1', title: 'Definitions', content: 'Section 1. In this Law: "government company" - a company in which more than half of the voting power or the right to appoint more than half of the directors is held, directly or indirectly, by the Government or by a government company; "Government Companies Authority" - the authority established under this Law to supervise government companies.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec4', section: '4', title: 'Application', content: 'Section 4. The Companies Law applies to government companies subject to the modifications prescribed by this Law.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec18A', section: '18A', title: 'Disclosure', content: 'Section 18A. Government companies shall disclose to the Government Companies Authority and to the public information regarding their operations, financial condition, and material decisions, including information relating to information security and data protection.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec32', section: '32', title: 'Audit', content: 'Section 32. Government companies are subject to audit by the State Comptroller and shall cooperate fully with audit proceedings.' },
],
definitions: [
{ term: 'government company', definition: 'A company in which more than half of the voting power or the right to appoint more than half of the directors is held by the Government', source_provision: 'sec1' },
],
},
'state-comptroller-law-1958': {
description: 'The State Comptroller Law 5718-1958 establishes the State Comptroller as the external auditor of the Government, government companies, local authorities, and other public bodies. The State Comptroller also serves as the Ombudsman for public complaints.',
provisions: [
{ provision_ref: 'sec2', section: '2', title: 'Function', content: 'Section 2. The State Comptroller shall audit the activities of the Government, government ministries, defense establishment, local authorities, government companies, and other bodies subject to audit under this Law.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec9', section: '9', title: 'Scope of Audit', content: 'Section 9. The audit shall examine whether the audited body has acted lawfully, with integrity, in accordance with sound administration, and with due regard to economy and efficiency, including the protection of information and data.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec36', section: '36', title: 'Public Complaints', content: 'Section 36. Any person may file a complaint with the State Comptroller regarding any act or omission of a body subject to audit that directly affects the complainant.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec45', section: '45', title: 'Confidentiality', content: 'Section 45. The State Comptroller and its staff shall maintain the confidentiality of information obtained in the course of audit and complaint proceedings.' },
],
definitions: [],
},
// ── Health & Medical Law ─────────────────────────────────────────
'patients-rights-law-1996': {
description: 'The Patient\'s Rights Law 5756-1996 establishes the rights of patients in Israel, including informed consent, access to medical records, privacy of medical information, and the right to a second opinion. The law is directly relevant to health data privacy and electronic health records.',
provisions: [
{ provision_ref: 'sec1', section: '1', title: 'Purpose', content: 'Section 1. The purpose of this Law is to establish the rights of patients receiving medical treatment while preserving their human dignity.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec4', section: '4', title: 'Right to Treatment', content: 'Section 4. Every person in a medical emergency is entitled to receive medical treatment without preconditions.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec13', section: '13', title: 'Informed Consent', content: 'Section 13. No medical treatment shall be given to a patient unless the patient has given informed consent. The physician shall provide the patient with medical information regarding the nature of the treatment, its risks and benefits, and alternatives.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec17', section: '17', title: 'Privacy of Medical Records', content: 'Section 17. (a) Medical information regarding a patient is confidential. (b) A medical institution shall not disclose medical information except with the patient\'s consent, for the purpose of treatment, as required by law, or as authorized by a court. (c) Medical records shall be maintained securely.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec18', section: '18', title: 'Access to Medical Records', content: 'Section 18. A patient is entitled to access his or her medical records and to receive a copy thereof.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec19', section: '19', title: 'Data Security', content: 'Section 19. A medical institution shall take all reasonable measures to ensure the security and integrity of medical records, including electronic records, from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, or alteration.' },
],
definitions: [],
},
'national-health-insurance-law-1994': {
description: 'The National Health Insurance Law 5754-1994 establishes universal health insurance in Israel through four health maintenance organizations (kupot holim). It mandates a comprehensive basket of medical services and regulates the collection and use of health data.',
provisions: [
{ provision_ref: 'sec1', section: '1', title: 'Right to Health Insurance', content: 'Section 1. Every resident of Israel is entitled to health services under this Law.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec3', section: '3', title: 'Membership', content: 'Section 3. Every resident shall be registered as a member of a health fund (kupat holim) of his or her choice.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec7', section: '7', title: 'Basket of Services', content: 'Section 7. The health services to which an insured person is entitled are detailed in the Second Schedule to this Law (the "health basket"). The basket is updated annually by the Health Basket Committee.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec20', section: '20', title: 'Health Data', content: 'Section 20. Health funds shall maintain medical databases for the purpose of providing health services. The collection, use, and transfer of health data shall be subject to the Privacy Protection Law and regulations made thereunder.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec30', section: '30', title: 'Supervision', content: 'Section 30. The Ministry of Health shall supervise the health funds and ensure compliance with this Law, including the protection of patient data and health information systems security.' },
],
definitions: [],
},
'genetic-information-law-2000': {
description: 'The Genetic Information Law 5761-2000 regulates the performance of genetic tests, storage of genetic samples, and use of genetic information in Israel. It restricts insurance and employment discrimination based on genetic information and establishes the Genetic Information Board.',
provisions: [
{ provision_ref: 'sec1', section: '1', title: 'Purpose', content: 'Section 1. This Law regulates genetic testing, the handling of genetic samples, and the use of genetic information, in order to protect the dignity and privacy of individuals while enabling the use of genetic tests for medical treatment, research, and law enforcement.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec11', section: '11', title: 'Prohibition of Genetic Discrimination', content: 'Section 11. (a) No insurer shall require a person to undergo a genetic test or to disclose genetic test results as a condition of insurance. (b) An insurer shall not use genetic test results in determining insurance terms.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec13', section: '13', title: 'Employment Discrimination', content: 'Section 13. An employer shall not require an employee or job applicant to undergo a genetic test or to disclose genetic test results, and shall not use genetic test results in employment decisions.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec18', section: '18', title: 'Genetic Database', content: 'Section 18. A person who maintains a genetic database shall register the database with the Genetic Information Board and shall comply with security requirements prescribed by the Board for the protection of genetic information.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec28', section: '28', title: 'Confidentiality', content: 'Section 28. Genetic information is confidential. No person shall disclose genetic information except with the consent of the person to whom the information relates, for the purpose of medical treatment, or as required by law.' },
],
definitions: [],
},
// ── Competition & Regulatory ─────────────────────────────────────
'economic-competition-law-1988': {
description: 'The Economic Competition Law 5748-1988 (formerly Restrictive Trade Practices Law) governs competition law and antitrust regulation in Israel. It establishes the Israel Competition Authority (formerly Antitrust Authority), prohibits anti-competitive agreements, regulates mergers, and addresses abuse of dominant position. Relevant to technology sector competition and digital markets.',
provisions: [
{ provision_ref: 'sec1', section: '1', title: 'Definitions', content: 'Section 1. In this Law: "restrictive arrangement" - an arrangement between business competitors that restricts competition; "monopoly" - a person who supplies or acquires more than 50% of the total supply or acquisition of a particular asset or service; "Competition Authority" - the authority established under this Law.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec2', section: '2', title: 'Prohibited Arrangements', content: 'Section 2. (a) Parties to a restrictive arrangement shall not conduct business in accordance with the arrangement, unless the arrangement has been exempted or approved by the Competition Tribunal. (b) A restrictive arrangement includes: price-fixing, market allocation, bid rigging, output limitation, and resale price maintenance.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec26', section: '26', title: 'Abuse of Dominant Position', content: 'Section 26. A monopolist shall not abuse its position to reduce competition or harm the public. Abuse includes: charging excessive prices, discriminating between customers, refusing to deal, exclusive dealing, and tying arrangements.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec17', section: '17', title: 'Merger Control', content: 'Section 17. A proposed merger between companies is subject to the approval of the Commissioner of Competition if the combined turnover of the merging parties exceeds the threshold prescribed by the Minister of Economy.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec43', section: '43', title: 'Enforcement', content: 'Section 43. The Commissioner may investigate violations of this Law and may impose administrative sanctions, seek injunctions, or refer matters for criminal prosecution.' },
],
definitions: [
{ term: 'restrictive arrangement', definition: 'An arrangement between business competitors that restricts competition', source_provision: 'sec1' },
{ term: 'monopoly', definition: 'A person who supplies or acquires more than 50% of the total supply or acquisition of a particular asset or service', source_provision: 'sec1' },
],
},
'taxation-ordinance-1961': {
description: 'The Income Tax Ordinance (New Version) 5721-1961 is the primary income tax legislation in Israel. It covers taxation of individuals and corporations, tax rates, deductions, exemptions, and reporting obligations. Relevant to technology company tax incentives and transfer pricing of intellectual property.',
provisions: [
{ provision_ref: 'sec1', section: '1', title: 'Definitions', content: 'Section 1. In this Ordinance: "income" - the total amount of income of a person from all sources during a tax year; "assessor" - the Assessing Officer responsible for determining tax liability.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec2', section: '2', title: 'Taxable Income', content: 'Section 2. Income tax shall be levied on the taxable income of every person, as computed in accordance with this Ordinance, for each tax year.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec131', section: '131', title: 'Reporting Obligations', content: 'Section 131. Every person liable to tax under this Ordinance shall file a return of income in the form prescribed, including details of all income, deductions, and other information required by the Assessing Officer.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec135', section: '135', title: 'Confidentiality of Tax Information', content: 'Section 135. Tax information obtained by the tax authorities in the course of assessment shall be treated as confidential. No tax official shall disclose such information except as provided by law.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec234', section: '234', title: 'Penalties', content: 'Section 234. A person who fails to file a return, files a false return, or evades tax is liable to fines and imprisonment as prescribed in this Ordinance.' },
],
definitions: [],
},
// ── Data & Technology ────────────────────────────────────────────
'database-registration-regulations-1986': {
description: 'The Protection of Privacy (Registration of Databases) Regulations 5746-1986 implement Section 8 of the Privacy Protection Law 1981. They require registration of databases containing personal information with the Registrar of Databases, including details about the database purpose, types of data stored, data sharing arrangements, and security measures.',
provisions: [
{ provision_ref: 'reg1', section: '1', title: 'Registration Requirement', content: 'Regulation 1. Every database owner required to register under Section 8 of the Privacy Protection Law shall submit a registration application to the Registrar of Databases.' },
{ provision_ref: 'reg2', section: '2', title: 'Registration Details', content: 'Regulation 2. The registration application shall include: (a) the name and address of the database owner; (b) the purpose of the database; (c) the types of information stored; (d) the categories of data subjects; (e) the persons to whom information from the database may be transferred; (f) a description of security measures.' },
{ provision_ref: 'reg3', section: '3', title: 'Changes', content: 'Regulation 3. A database owner shall notify the Registrar of any material change in the particulars registered within 30 days of the change.' },
{ provision_ref: 'reg6', section: '6', title: 'Public Register', content: 'Regulation 6. The Registrar shall maintain a public register of databases. Any person may inspect the register and obtain information regarding registered databases.' },
],
definitions: [],
},
'privacy-protection-transfer-abroad-regulations-2001': {
description: 'The Protection of Privacy (Transfer of Data to Databases Abroad) Regulations 5761-2001 regulate cross-border transfers of personal data from Israel. They establish conditions for data transfers, including adequacy requirements, consent, and contractual safeguards. These regulations implement Section 36 of the Privacy Protection Law and align with international data protection standards.',
provisions: [
{ provision_ref: 'reg1', section: '1', title: 'Scope', content: 'Regulation 1. These Regulations apply to the transfer of personal data from a database in Israel to a database outside of Israel.' },
{ provision_ref: 'reg2', section: '2', title: 'Conditions for Transfer', content: 'Regulation 2. Personal data may be transferred to a database abroad if: (a) the law of the receiving country provides a level of protection of personal data not lower than the level provided under Israeli law; (b) the data subject has consented to the transfer; (c) the transfer is made pursuant to a contract that ensures protection of privacy substantially equivalent to Israeli law; (d) the transfer is necessary for the performance of a contract to which the data subject is a party.' },
{ provision_ref: 'reg3', section: '3', title: 'Adequate Protection', content: 'Regulation 3. In determining whether a country provides adequate protection, the following factors shall be considered: (a) the nature of the data; (b) the purpose of the transfer; (c) the relevant laws and regulations of the receiving country; (d) the enforcement mechanisms in the receiving country; (e) the security measures applied to the data in the receiving country.' },
{ provision_ref: 'reg4', section: '4', title: 'Contractual Safeguards', content: 'Regulation 4. Where data is transferred on the basis of contractual safeguards, the contract shall include provisions ensuring: (a) the data will be used only for the purposes for which it was transferred; (b) the recipient will maintain the security of the data; (c) the data will not be further transferred without adequate protection; (d) the data subject\'s rights will be respected.' },
],
definitions: [],
},
'encouragement-of-research-law-1984': {
description: 'The Encouragement of Research, Development and Technological Innovation in Industry Law 5744-1984 (commonly known as the Innovation Authority Law, following 2016 amendments) establishes the Israel Innovation Authority (formerly Office of the Chief Scientist) and provides the framework for government support of R&D and technological innovation. It addresses IP protection, grant conditions, and restrictions on transfer of know-how abroad.',
provisions: [
{ provision_ref: 'sec1', section: '1', title: 'Purpose', content: 'Section 1. The purpose of this Law is to encourage research, development, and technological innovation in Israeli industry for the purpose of developing the economy, improving the balance of payments, creating employment, and leveraging Israel\'s scientific and technological capabilities.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec3', section: '3', title: 'Innovation Authority', content: 'Section 3. The Israel Innovation Authority shall operate programs for the encouragement and support of research and development in Israeli industry.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec14', section: '14', title: 'Grant Conditions', content: 'Section 14. (a) The Innovation Authority may grant financial assistance for R&D programs that meet the criteria prescribed by the Research Committee. (b) Recipients of grants shall pay royalties to the Authority from the revenues generated by the supported R&D.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec19', section: '19', title: 'Transfer of Know-How', content: 'Section 19. (a) Know-how developed with funding from the Authority shall not be transferred abroad or to a foreign entity without the approval of the Research Committee. (b) Approval may be conditioned on the payment of increased royalties or other conditions to ensure that the benefits of the R&D remain in Israel.' },
{ provision_ref: 'sec20', section: '20', title: 'IP Rights', content: 'Section 20. Intellectual property rights developed with the assistance of the Authority shall remain with the grant recipient, subject to the restrictions on transfer prescribed by this Law.' },
],
definitions: [],
},
};
const meta = metadataActs[act.id];
@@ -332,7 +895,7 @@ async function fetchAndParseActs(acts: ActIndexEntry[], skipFetch: boolean): Pro
// Route to appropriate parser
if (act.id === 'computer-law-1995') {
parsed = parseComputerLawText(pdfText, act);
} else if (act.id === 'basic-law-human-dignity-1992') {
} else if (act.id.startsWith('basic-law-')) {
parsed = parseBasicLawText(pdfText, act);
} else {
// Generic: try computer law parser as fallback

54
scripts/lib/fetcher.ts
View File

@@ -218,6 +218,7 @@ export interface SourceConfig {
* These are verified to be reachable without Cloudflare blocks.
*/
export const SOURCE_REGISTRY: Record<string, SourceConfig> = {
// ── Full-text sources (HTML / PDF) ──────────────────────────────
'privacy-protection-law-1981': {
url: 'https://ics.uci.edu/~kobsa/privacy/israel.htm',
format: 'html',
@@ -230,10 +231,61 @@ export const SOURCE_REGISTRY: Record<string, SourceConfig> = {
knessetLawId: 2000357,
sourceNote: 'UNODC SHERLOC database English translation',
},
// ── Basic Laws (all from official Knesset English PDFs) ─────────
'basic-law-human-dignity-1992': {
url: 'https://m.knesset.gov.il/EN/activity/documents/BasicLawsPDF/BasicLawLiberty.pdf',
format: 'pdf',
knessetLawId: undefined, // Basic Laws have different numbering
sourceNote: 'Official Knesset English translation PDF',
},
'basic-law-the-knesset-1958': {
url: 'https://m.knesset.gov.il/EN/activity/documents/BasicLawsPDF/BasicLawTheKnesset.pdf',
format: 'pdf',
sourceNote: 'Official Knesset English translation PDF',
},
'basic-law-israel-lands-1960': {
url: 'https://m.knesset.gov.il/EN/activity/documents/BasicLawsPDF/BasicLawIsraelLands.pdf',
format: 'pdf',
sourceNote: 'Official Knesset English translation PDF',
},
'basic-law-the-president-1964': {
url: 'https://m.knesset.gov.il/EN/activity/documents/BasicLawsPDF/BasicLawThePresident.pdf',
format: 'pdf',
sourceNote: 'Official Knesset English translation PDF',
},
'basic-law-the-government-2001': {
url: 'https://m.knesset.gov.il/EN/activity/documents/BasicLawsPDF/BasicLawTheGovernment.pdf',
format: 'pdf',
sourceNote: 'Official Knesset English translation PDF',
},
'basic-law-the-state-economy-1975': {
url: 'https://m.knesset.gov.il/EN/activity/documents/BasicLawsPDF/BasicLawStateEconomy.pdf',
format: 'pdf',
sourceNote: 'Official Knesset English translation PDF',
},
'basic-law-the-judiciary-1984': {
url: 'https://m.knesset.gov.il/EN/activity/documents/BasicLawsPDF/BasicLawTheJudiciary.pdf',
format: 'pdf',
sourceNote: 'Official Knesset English translation PDF',
},
'basic-law-jerusalem-1980': {
url: 'https://m.knesset.gov.il/EN/activity/documents/BasicLawsPDF/BasicLawJerusalem.pdf',
format: 'pdf',
sourceNote: 'Official Knesset English translation PDF',
},
'basic-law-freedom-of-occupation-1994': {
url: 'https://m.knesset.gov.il/EN/activity/documents/BasicLawsPDF/BasicLawOccupation.pdf',
format: 'pdf',
sourceNote: 'Official Knesset English translation PDF',
},
'basic-law-referendum-2014': {
url: 'https://m.knesset.gov.il/EN/activity/documents/BasicLawsPDF/BasicLawReferendum.pdf',
format: 'pdf',
sourceNote: 'Official Knesset English translation PDF',
},
'basic-law-nation-state-2018': {
url: 'https://m.knesset.gov.il/EN/activity/documents/BasicLawsPDF/BasicLawNationState.pdf',
format: 'pdf',
sourceNote: 'Official Knesset English translation PDF',
},
};

739
scripts/lib/parser.ts
View File

@@ -559,6 +559,9 @@ export function parseIsraeliLawHtml(html: string, act: ActIndexEntry): ParsedAct
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
export const KEY_ISRAELI_ACTS: ActIndexEntry[] = [
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// EXISTING 10 LAWS (unchanged)
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
{
id: 'privacy-protection-law-1981',
lawName: 'Privacy Protection Law',
@@ -679,4 +682,740 @@ export const KEY_ISRAELI_ACTS: ActIndexEntry[] = [
inForceDate: '1984-02-01',
url: 'https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/044_001.htm',
},
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// NEW: 10 BASIC LAWS (Knesset PDF sources)
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
{
id: 'basic-law-the-knesset-1958',
lawName: 'Basic Law: The Knesset',
year: 1958,
title: '\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d9\u05e1\u05d5\u05d3: \u05d4\u05db\u05e0\u05e1\u05ea',
titleEn: 'Basic Law: The Knesset, 5718-1958',
abbreviation: 'BL-KNS',
status: 'in_force',
issuedDate: '1958-02-12',
inForceDate: '1958-02-12',
url: 'https://m.knesset.gov.il/EN/activity/documents/BasicLawsPDF/BasicLawTheKnesset.pdf',
},
{
id: 'basic-law-israel-lands-1960',
lawName: 'Basic Law: Israel Lands',
year: 1960,
title: '\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d9\u05e1\u05d5\u05d3: \u05de\u05e7\u05e8\u05e7\u05e2\u05d9 \u05d9\u05e9\u05e8\u05d0\u05dc',
titleEn: 'Basic Law: Israel Lands, 5720-1960',
abbreviation: 'BL-IL',
status: 'in_force',
issuedDate: '1960-07-25',
inForceDate: '1960-07-25',
url: 'https://m.knesset.gov.il/EN/activity/documents/BasicLawsPDF/BasicLawIsraelLands.pdf',
},
{
id: 'basic-law-the-president-1964',
lawName: 'Basic Law: The President of the State',
year: 1964,
title: '\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d9\u05e1\u05d5\u05d3: \u05e0\u05e9\u05d9\u05d0 \u05d4\u05de\u05d3\u05d9\u05e0\u05d4',
titleEn: 'Basic Law: The President of the State, 5724-1964',
abbreviation: 'BL-PRES',
status: 'in_force',
issuedDate: '1964-06-16',
inForceDate: '1964-06-16',
url: 'https://m.knesset.gov.il/EN/activity/documents/BasicLawsPDF/BasicLawThePresident.pdf',
},
{
id: 'basic-law-the-government-2001',
lawName: 'Basic Law: The Government',
year: 2001,
title: '\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d9\u05e1\u05d5\u05d3: \u05d4\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05d4',
titleEn: 'Basic Law: The Government, 5761-2001',
abbreviation: 'BL-GOV',
status: 'in_force',
issuedDate: '2001-03-07',
inForceDate: '2001-03-07',
url: 'https://m.knesset.gov.il/EN/activity/documents/BasicLawsPDF/BasicLawTheGovernment.pdf',
},
{
id: 'basic-law-the-state-economy-1975',
lawName: 'Basic Law: The State Economy',
year: 1975,
title: '\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d9\u05e1\u05d5\u05d3: \u05de\u05e9\u05e7 \u05d4\u05de\u05d3\u05d9\u05e0\u05d4',
titleEn: 'Basic Law: The State Economy, 5735-1975',
abbreviation: 'BL-ECON',
status: 'in_force',
issuedDate: '1975-07-21',
inForceDate: '1975-07-21',
url: 'https://m.knesset.gov.il/EN/activity/documents/BasicLawsPDF/BasicLawStateEconomy.pdf',
},
{
id: 'basic-law-the-judiciary-1984',
lawName: 'Basic Law: The Judiciary',
year: 1984,
title: '\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d9\u05e1\u05d5\u05d3: \u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d9\u05d8\u05d4',
titleEn: 'Basic Law: The Judiciary, 5744-1984',
abbreviation: 'BL-JUD',
status: 'in_force',
issuedDate: '1984-02-28',
inForceDate: '1984-02-28',
url: 'https://m.knesset.gov.il/EN/activity/documents/BasicLawsPDF/BasicLawTheJudiciary.pdf',
},
{
id: 'basic-law-jerusalem-1980',
lawName: 'Basic Law: Jerusalem, Capital of Israel',
year: 1980,
title: '\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d9\u05e1\u05d5\u05d3: \u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05e9\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05d9\u05e8\u05ea \u05d9\u05e9\u05e8\u05d0\u05dc',
titleEn: 'Basic Law: Jerusalem, Capital of Israel, 5740-1980',
abbreviation: 'BL-JER',
status: 'in_force',
issuedDate: '1980-07-30',
inForceDate: '1980-07-30',
url: 'https://m.knesset.gov.il/EN/activity/documents/BasicLawsPDF/BasicLawJerusalem.pdf',
},
{
id: 'basic-law-freedom-of-occupation-1994',
lawName: 'Basic Law: Freedom of Occupation',
year: 1994,
title: '\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d9\u05e1\u05d5\u05d3: \u05d7\u05d5\u05e4\u05e9 \u05d4\u05e2\u05d9\u05e1\u05d5\u05e7',
titleEn: 'Basic Law: Freedom of Occupation, 5754-1994',
abbreviation: 'BL-FOO',
status: 'in_force',
issuedDate: '1994-03-09',
inForceDate: '1994-03-09',
url: 'https://m.knesset.gov.il/EN/activity/documents/BasicLawsPDF/BasicLawOccupation.pdf',
},
{
id: 'basic-law-referendum-2014',
lawName: 'Basic Law: Referendum',
year: 2014,
title: '\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d9\u05e1\u05d5\u05d3: \u05de\u05e9\u05d0\u05dc \u05e2\u05dd',
titleEn: 'Basic Law: Referendum, 5774-2014',
abbreviation: 'BL-REF',
status: 'in_force',
issuedDate: '2014-03-12',
inForceDate: '2014-03-12',
url: 'https://m.knesset.gov.il/EN/activity/documents/BasicLawsPDF/BasicLawReferendum.pdf',
},
{
id: 'basic-law-nation-state-2018',
lawName: 'Basic Law: Israel - The Nation State of the Jewish People',
year: 2018,
title: '\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d9\u05e1\u05d5\u05d3: \u05d9\u05e9\u05e8\u05d0\u05dc \u2013 \u05de\u05d3\u05d9\u05e0\u05ea \u05d4\u05dc\u05d0\u05d5\u05dd \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05e2\u05dd \u05d4\u05d9\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9',
titleEn: 'Basic Law: Israel - The Nation State of the Jewish People, 5778-2018',
abbreviation: 'BL-NS',
status: 'in_force',
issuedDate: '2018-07-19',
inForceDate: '2018-07-19',
url: 'https://m.knesset.gov.il/EN/activity/documents/BasicLawsPDF/BasicLawNationState.pdf',
},
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// NEW: 2 REMAINING BASIC LAWS (metadata-only, no accessible PDF)
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
{
id: 'basic-law-the-army-1976',
lawName: 'Basic Law: The Military',
year: 1976,
title: '\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d9\u05e1\u05d5\u05d3: \u05d4\u05e6\u05d1\u05d0',
titleEn: 'Basic Law: The Military, 5736-1976',
abbreviation: 'BL-MIL',
status: 'in_force',
issuedDate: '1976-04-01',
inForceDate: '1976-04-01',
url: 'https://www.knesset.gov.il/laws/special/eng/BasicLawArmy.pdf',
},
{
id: 'basic-law-legislation-2001',
lawName: 'Basic Law: Legislation',
year: 2001,
title: '\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d9\u05e1\u05d5\u05d3: \u05d7\u05e7\u05d9\u05e7\u05d4',
titleEn: 'Basic Law: Legislation (draft — not yet enacted)',
abbreviation: 'BL-LEG',
status: 'not_yet_in_force',
issuedDate: '2001-01-01',
inForceDate: '2001-01-01',
url: 'https://www.knesset.gov.il/laws/special/eng/BasicLawLegislation.pdf',
},
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// NEW: FINANCIAL & SECURITIES LAWS (metadata-only)
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
{
id: 'securities-law-1968',
lawName: 'Securities Law',
year: 1968,
title: '\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05e0\u05d9\u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05e2\u05e8\u05da, \u05ea\u05e9\u05db"\u05d7-1968',
titleEn: 'Securities Law, 5728-1968',
abbreviation: 'SecL',
status: 'in_force',
issuedDate: '1968-08-20',
inForceDate: '1968-08-20',
url: 'https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/055_001.htm',
},
{
id: 'banking-ordinance-1941',
lawName: 'Banking Ordinance',
year: 1941,
title: '\u05e4\u05e7\u05d5\u05d3\u05ea \u05d4\u05d1\u05e0\u05e7\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea, 1941',
titleEn: 'Banking Ordinance, 1941',
abbreviation: 'BO',
status: 'in_force',
issuedDate: '1941-01-01',
inForceDate: '1941-01-01',
url: 'https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/p187_001.htm',
},
{
id: 'banking-licensing-law-1981',
lawName: 'Banking (Licensing) Law',
year: 1981,
title: '\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05d1\u05e0\u05e7\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea (\u05e8\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05d9), \u05ea\u05e9\u05de"\u05d0-1981',
titleEn: 'Banking (Licensing) Law, 5741-1981',
abbreviation: 'BLL',
status: 'in_force',
issuedDate: '1981-01-01',
inForceDate: '1981-01-01',
url: 'https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/999_076.htm',
},
{
id: 'insurance-business-law-1981',
lawName: 'Insurance Business (Control) Law',
year: 1981,
title: '\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05e4\u05d9\u05e7\u05d5\u05d7 \u05e2\u05dc \u05e2\u05e1\u05e7\u05d9 \u05d1\u05d9\u05d8\u05d5\u05d7, \u05ea\u05e9\u05de"\u05d0-1981',
titleEn: 'Insurance Business (Control) Law, 5741-1981',
abbreviation: 'IBL',
status: 'in_force',
issuedDate: '1981-01-01',
inForceDate: '1981-01-01',
url: 'https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/999_079.htm',
},
{
id: 'anti-money-laundering-law-2000',
lawName: 'Prohibition of Money Laundering Law',
year: 2000,
title: '\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d0\u05d9\u05e1\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d4\u05dc\u05d1\u05e0\u05ea \u05d4\u05d5\u05df, \u05ea\u05e9"\u05e1-2000',
titleEn: 'Prohibition of Money Laundering Law, 5760-2000',
abbreviation: 'AML',
status: 'in_force',
issuedDate: '2000-08-03',
inForceDate: '2002-02-17',
url: 'https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/999_207.htm',
},
{
id: 'terror-financing-prohibition-law-2005',
lawName: 'Prohibition on Terror Financing Law',
year: 2005,
title: '\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d0\u05d9\u05e1\u05d5\u05e8 \u05de\u05d9\u05de\u05d5\u05df \u05d8\u05e8\u05d5\u05e8, \u05ea\u05e9\u05e1"\u05d4-2005',
titleEn: 'Prohibition on Terror Financing Law, 5765-2005',
abbreviation: 'TFL',
status: 'in_force',
issuedDate: '2005-01-01',
inForceDate: '2005-01-01',
url: 'https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/999_627.htm',
},
{
id: 'financial-services-regulation-law-2005',
lawName: 'Financial Services Regulation (Financial Services) Law',
year: 2005,
title: '\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05e4\u05d9\u05e7\u05d5\u05d7 \u05e2\u05dc \u05e9\u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05dd \u05e4\u05d9\u05e0\u05e0\u05e1\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd, \u05ea\u05e9\u05e1"\u05d4-2005',
titleEn: 'Financial Services Regulation (Financial Services) Law, 5765-2005',
abbreviation: 'FSRL',
status: 'in_force',
issuedDate: '2005-01-01',
inForceDate: '2005-01-01',
url: 'https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/999_629.htm',
},
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// NEW: INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAWS (metadata-only)
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
{
id: 'patent-law-1967',
lawName: 'Patents Law',
year: 1967,
title: '\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05e4\u05d8\u05e0\u05d8\u05d9\u05dd, \u05ea\u05e9\u05db"\u05d6-1967',
titleEn: 'Patents Law, 5727-1967',
abbreviation: 'PatL',
status: 'in_force',
issuedDate: '1967-04-04',
inForceDate: '1968-04-04',
url: 'https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/050_001.htm',
},
{
id: 'copyright-law-2007',
lawName: 'Copyright Law',
year: 2007,
title: '\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d6\u05db\u05d5\u05ea \u05d9\u05d5\u05e6\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd, \u05ea\u05e9\u05e1"\u05d7-2007',
titleEn: 'Copyright Law, 5768-2007',
abbreviation: 'CopyL',
status: 'in_force',
issuedDate: '2007-11-19',
inForceDate: '2008-05-25',
url: 'https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/999_701.htm',
},
{
id: 'trademarks-ordinance-1972',
lawName: 'Trademarks Ordinance (New Version)',
year: 1972,
title: '\u05e4\u05e7\u05d5\u05d3\u05ea \u05e1\u05d9\u05de\u05e0\u05d9 \u05de\u05e1\u05d7\u05e8 [\u05e0\u05d5\u05e1\u05d7 \u05d7\u05d3\u05e9], \u05ea\u05e9\u05dc"\u05d1-1972',
titleEn: 'Trademarks Ordinance (New Version), 5732-1972',
abbreviation: 'TMO',
status: 'in_force',
issuedDate: '1972-01-01',
inForceDate: '1972-01-01',
url: 'https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/p233_001.htm',
},
{
id: 'trade-secrets-law-1999',
lawName: 'Trade Secrets Law',
year: 1999,
title: '\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05e2\u05d5\u05d5\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05e1\u05d7\u05e8\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea, \u05ea\u05e9\u05e0"\u05d9-1999',
titleEn: 'Trade Secrets Law, 5759-1999',
abbreviation: 'TSL',
status: 'in_force',
issuedDate: '1999-02-01',
inForceDate: '1999-02-01',
url: 'https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/999_571.htm',
},
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// NEW: LABOR & EMPLOYMENT LAWS (metadata-only)
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
{
id: 'employment-law-1959',
lawName: 'Employment Service Law',
year: 1959,
title: '\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05e9\u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05ea\u05e2\u05e1\u05d5\u05e7\u05d4, \u05ea\u05e9\u05d9"\u05d8-1959',
titleEn: 'Employment Service Law, 5719-1959',
abbreviation: 'EmSL',
status: 'in_force',
issuedDate: '1959-01-01',
inForceDate: '1959-01-01',
url: 'https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/017_002.htm',
},
{
id: 'hours-of-work-and-rest-law-1951',
lawName: 'Hours of Work and Rest Law',
year: 1951,
title: '\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05e9\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea \u05e2\u05d1\u05d5\u05d3\u05d4 \u05d5\u05de\u05e0\u05d5\u05d7\u05d4, \u05ea\u05e9\u05d9"\u05d0-1951',
titleEn: 'Hours of Work and Rest Law, 5711-1951',
abbreviation: 'HWRL',
status: 'in_force',
issuedDate: '1951-06-11',
inForceDate: '1951-06-11',
url: 'https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/007_001.htm',
},
{
id: 'annual-leave-law-1951',
lawName: 'Annual Leave Law',
year: 1951,
title: '\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d7\u05d5\u05e4\u05e9\u05d4 \u05e9\u05e0\u05ea\u05d9\u05ea, \u05ea\u05e9\u05d9"\u05d0-1951',
titleEn: 'Annual Leave Law, 5711-1951',
abbreviation: 'ALL',
status: 'in_force',
issuedDate: '1951-06-11',
inForceDate: '1951-06-11',
url: 'https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/007_002.htm',
},
{
id: 'severance-pay-law-1963',
lawName: 'Severance Pay Law',
year: 1963,
title: '\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05e4\u05d9\u05e6\u05d5\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd, \u05ea\u05e9\u05db"\u05d2-1963',
titleEn: 'Severance Pay Law, 5723-1963',
abbreviation: 'SPL',
status: 'in_force',
issuedDate: '1963-01-01',
inForceDate: '1963-01-01',
url: 'https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/035_001.htm',
},
{
id: 'employment-equal-opportunities-law-1988',
lawName: 'Employment (Equal Opportunities) Law',
year: 1988,
title: '\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05e9\u05d5\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05df \u05d4\u05d6\u05d3\u05de\u05e0\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05e2\u05d1\u05d5\u05d3\u05d4, \u05ea\u05e9\u05de"\u05d7-1988',
titleEn: 'Employment (Equal Opportunities) Law, 5748-1988',
abbreviation: 'EEOL',
status: 'in_force',
issuedDate: '1988-03-01',
inForceDate: '1988-03-01',
url: 'https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/999_138.htm',
},
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// NEW: CONSUMER & CONTRACT LAW (metadata-only)
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
{
id: 'consumer-protection-law-1981',
lawName: 'Consumer Protection Law',
year: 1981,
title: '\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05d2\u05e0\u05ea \u05d4\u05e6\u05e8\u05db\u05df, \u05ea\u05e9\u05de"\u05d0-1981',
titleEn: 'Consumer Protection Law, 5741-1981',
abbreviation: 'CPL',
status: 'in_force',
issuedDate: '1981-03-12',
inForceDate: '1981-09-01',
url: 'https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/999_075.htm',
},
{
id: 'standard-contracts-law-1982',
lawName: 'Standard Contracts Law',
year: 1982,
title: '\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05d6\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05d0\u05d7\u05d9\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd, \u05ea\u05e9\u05de"\u05d1-1982',
titleEn: 'Standard Contracts Law, 5743-1982',
abbreviation: 'SCL',
status: 'in_force',
issuedDate: '1982-11-15',
inForceDate: '1983-05-15',
url: 'https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/999_093.htm',
},
{
id: 'contracts-general-part-law-1973',
lawName: 'Contracts (General Part) Law',
year: 1973,
title: '\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05d6\u05d9\u05dd (\u05d7\u05dc\u05e7 \u05db\u05dc\u05dc\u05d9), \u05ea\u05e9\u05dc"\u05d3-1973',
titleEn: 'Contracts (General Part) Law, 5733-1973',
abbreviation: 'CGL',
status: 'in_force',
issuedDate: '1973-04-10',
inForceDate: '1973-04-10',
url: 'https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/067_001.htm',
},
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// NEW: PROCEDURAL LAW (metadata-only)
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
{
id: 'evidence-ordinance-1971',
lawName: 'Evidence Ordinance (New Version)',
year: 1971,
title: '\u05e4\u05e7\u05d5\u05d3\u05ea \u05d4\u05e8\u05d0\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea [\u05e0\u05d5\u05e1\u05d7 \u05d7\u05d3\u05e9], \u05ea\u05e9\u05dc"\u05d0-1971',
titleEn: 'Evidence Ordinance (New Version), 5731-1971',
abbreviation: 'EO',
status: 'in_force',
issuedDate: '1971-01-01',
inForceDate: '1971-01-01',
url: 'https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/p232_001.htm',
},
{
id: 'courts-law-1984',
lawName: 'Courts Law (Consolidated Version)',
year: 1984,
title: '\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d1\u05ea\u05d9 \u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d8 [\u05e0\u05d5\u05e1\u05d7 \u05de\u05e9\u05d5\u05dc\u05d1], \u05ea\u05e9\u05de"\u05d3-1984',
titleEn: 'Courts Law (Consolidated Version), 5744-1984',
abbreviation: 'CtL',
status: 'in_force',
issuedDate: '1984-01-01',
inForceDate: '1984-01-01',
url: 'https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/999_104.htm',
},
{
id: 'criminal-procedure-law-1982',
lawName: 'Criminal Procedure Law (Consolidated Version)',
year: 1982,
title: '\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05e1\u05d3\u05e8 \u05d4\u05d3\u05d9\u05df \u05d4\u05e4\u05dc\u05d9\u05dc\u05d9 [\u05e0\u05d5\u05e1\u05d7 \u05de\u05e9\u05d5\u05dc\u05d1], \u05ea\u05e9\u05de"\u05d1-1982',
titleEn: 'Criminal Procedure Law (Consolidated Version), 5742-1982',
abbreviation: 'CrimPL',
status: 'in_force',
issuedDate: '1982-01-01',
inForceDate: '1982-01-01',
url: 'https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/999_092.htm',
},
{
id: 'civil-procedure-regulations-1984',
lawName: 'Civil Procedure Regulations',
year: 1984,
title: '\u05ea\u05e7\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05e1\u05d3\u05e8 \u05d4\u05d3\u05d9\u05df \u05d4\u05d0\u05d6\u05e8\u05d7\u05d9, \u05ea\u05e9\u05de"\u05d3-1984',
titleEn: 'Civil Procedure Regulations, 5744-1984',
abbreviation: 'CPR',
status: 'in_force',
issuedDate: '1984-01-01',
inForceDate: '1984-01-01',
url: 'https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/999_103.htm',
},
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// NEW: CRIMINAL LAW (metadata-only)
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
{
id: 'penal-law-1977',
lawName: 'Penal Law',
year: 1977,
title: '\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05e2\u05d5\u05e0\u05e9\u05d9\u05df, \u05ea\u05e9\u05dc"\u05d6-1977',
titleEn: 'Penal Law, 5737-1977',
abbreviation: 'PL',
status: 'in_force',
issuedDate: '1977-08-04',
inForceDate: '1977-08-04',
url: 'https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/073_002.htm',
},
{
id: 'wiretapping-law-1979',
lawName: 'Wiretapping Law',
year: 1979,
title: '\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05d0\u05d6\u05e0\u05ea \u05e1\u05ea\u05e8, \u05ea\u05e9\u05dc"\u05d8-1979',
titleEn: 'Wiretapping Law, 5739-1979',
abbreviation: 'WL',
status: 'in_force',
issuedDate: '1979-01-01',
inForceDate: '1979-01-01',
url: 'https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/073_008.htm',
},
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// NEW: PLANNING, ENVIRONMENT & INFRASTRUCTURE (metadata-only)
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
{
id: 'planning-and-building-law-1965',
lawName: 'Planning and Building Law',
year: 1965,
title: '\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05ea\u05db\u05e0\u05d5\u05df \u05d5\u05d4\u05d1\u05e0\u05d9\u05d9\u05d4, \u05ea\u05e9\u05db"\u05d5-1965',
titleEn: 'Planning and Building Law, 5725-1965',
abbreviation: 'PBL',
status: 'in_force',
issuedDate: '1965-06-26',
inForceDate: '1966-09-12',
url: 'https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/042_001.htm',
},
{
id: 'environmental-protection-law-2008',
lawName: 'Clean Air Law',
year: 2008,
title: '\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d0\u05d5\u05d5\u05d9\u05e8 \u05e0\u05e7\u05d9, \u05ea\u05e9\u05e1"\u05d7-2008',
titleEn: 'Clean Air Law, 5768-2008',
abbreviation: 'CAL',
status: 'in_force',
issuedDate: '2008-07-29',
inForceDate: '2011-01-01',
url: 'https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/999_723.htm',
},
{
id: 'hazardous-substances-law-1993',
lawName: 'Hazardous Substances Law',
year: 1993,
title: '\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05de\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05de\u05e1\u05d5\u05db\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd, \u05ea\u05e9\u05e0"\u05d2-1993',
titleEn: 'Hazardous Substances Law, 5753-1993',
abbreviation: 'HSL',
status: 'in_force',
issuedDate: '1993-01-01',
inForceDate: '1993-01-01',
url: 'https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/999_285.htm',
},
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// NEW: TELECOMMUNICATIONS & POSTAL (metadata-only)
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
{
id: 'postal-law-1986',
lawName: 'Postal Authority Law',
year: 1986,
title: '\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05e8\u05e9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d3\u05d5\u05d0\u05e8, \u05ea\u05e9\u05de"\u05d6-1986',
titleEn: 'Postal Authority Law, 5746-1986',
abbreviation: 'PAL',
status: 'in_force',
issuedDate: '1986-01-01',
inForceDate: '1987-01-01',
url: 'https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/999_120.htm',
},
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// NEW: TORT & LIABILITY (metadata-only)
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
{
id: 'civil-wrongs-ordinance-1968',
lawName: 'Civil Wrongs Ordinance (New Version)',
year: 1968,
title: '\u05e4\u05e7\u05d5\u05d3\u05ea \u05d4\u05e0\u05d6\u05d9\u05e7\u05d9\u05df [\u05e0\u05d5\u05e1\u05d7 \u05d7\u05d3\u05e9], \u05ea\u05e9\u05db"\u05d8-1968',
titleEn: 'Civil Wrongs Ordinance (New Version), 5728-1968',
abbreviation: 'CWO',
status: 'in_force',
issuedDate: '1968-01-01',
inForceDate: '1968-01-01',
url: 'https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/p230_001.htm',
},
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// NEW: NATIONAL SECURITY & DEFENSE (metadata-only)
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
{
id: 'defense-service-law-1986',
lawName: 'Defense Service Law (Consolidated Version)',
year: 1986,
title: '\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05e9\u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05d9\u05d8\u05d7\u05d5\u05df [\u05e0\u05d5\u05e1\u05d7 \u05de\u05e9\u05d5\u05dc\u05d1], \u05ea\u05e9\u05de"\u05d6-1986',
titleEn: 'Defense Service Law (Consolidated Version), 5746-1986',
abbreviation: 'DSL',
status: 'in_force',
issuedDate: '1986-01-01',
inForceDate: '1986-01-01',
url: 'https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/999_114.htm',
},
{
id: 'cyber-defense-law-2016',
lawName: 'Regulation of Security in Public Bodies (Cyber Defense Directive)',
year: 2016,
title: '\u05d4\u05e0\u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05ea \u05e8\u05e9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e1\u05d9\u05d9\u05d1\u05e8 \u05d4\u05dc\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d9 \u05dc\u05d4\u05d2\u05e0\u05ea \u05d4\u05e1\u05d9\u05d9\u05d1\u05e8 \u05d1\u05d2\u05d5\u05e4\u05d9\u05dd \u05e6\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd',
titleEn: 'National Cyber Directorate - Cyber Defense Directive for Public Bodies, 2016',
abbreviation: 'CDD',
status: 'in_force',
issuedDate: '2016-02-14',
inForceDate: '2016-02-14',
url: 'https://www.gov.il/en/departments/news/14022016_01',
},
{
id: 'emergency-powers-detention-law-1979',
lawName: 'Emergency Powers (Detention) Law',
year: 1979,
title: '\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05e1\u05de\u05db\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05e2\u05ea \u05d7\u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05dd (\u05de\u05e2\u05e6\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd), \u05ea\u05e9\u05dc"\u05d9-1979',
titleEn: 'Emergency Powers (Detention) Law, 5739-1979',
abbreviation: 'EPDL',
status: 'in_force',
issuedDate: '1979-01-01',
inForceDate: '1979-01-01',
url: 'https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/073_006.htm',
},
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// NEW: ADMINISTRATIVE & PUBLIC LAW (metadata-only)
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
{
id: 'administrative-courts-law-2000',
lawName: 'Administrative Courts Law',
year: 2000,
title: '\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d1\u05ea\u05d9 \u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d8 \u05dc\u05e2\u05e0\u05d9\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05de\u05d9\u05e0\u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd, \u05ea\u05e9"\u05e1-2000',
titleEn: 'Administrative Courts Law, 5760-2000',
abbreviation: 'ACL',
status: 'in_force',
issuedDate: '2000-07-25',
inForceDate: '2004-09-01',
url: 'https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/999_206.htm',
},
{
id: 'government-companies-law-1975',
lawName: 'Government Companies Law',
year: 1975,
title: '\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05ea\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea, \u05ea\u05e9\u05dc"\u05d5-1975',
titleEn: 'Government Companies Law, 5735-1975',
abbreviation: 'GCL',
status: 'in_force',
issuedDate: '1975-08-04',
inForceDate: '1975-08-04',
url: 'https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/070_001.htm',
},
{
id: 'state-comptroller-law-1958',
lawName: 'State Comptroller Law',
year: 1958,
title: '\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05de\u05d1\u05e7\u05e8 \u05d4\u05de\u05d3\u05d9\u05e0\u05d4, \u05ea\u05e9\u05d9"\u05d8-1958',
titleEn: 'State Comptroller Law, 5718-1958 (Consolidated Version)',
abbreviation: 'StCL',
status: 'in_force',
issuedDate: '1958-01-01',
inForceDate: '1958-01-01',
url: 'https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/016_001.htm',
},
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// NEW: HEALTH & MEDICAL LAW (metadata-only)
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
{
id: 'patients-rights-law-1996',
lawName: 'Patient\'s Rights Law',
year: 1996,
title: '\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d6\u05db\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05dc\u05d4, \u05ea\u05e9\u05e0"\u05d6-1996',
titleEn: 'Patient\'s Rights Law, 5756-1996',
abbreviation: 'PRL',
status: 'in_force',
issuedDate: '1996-05-01',
inForceDate: '1996-05-01',
url: 'https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/999_529.htm',
},
{
id: 'national-health-insurance-law-1994',
lawName: 'National Health Insurance Law',
year: 1994,
title: '\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d1\u05d9\u05d8\u05d5\u05d7 \u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05de\u05dc\u05db\u05ea\u05d9, \u05ea\u05e9\u05e0"\u05d3-1994',
titleEn: 'National Health Insurance Law, 5754-1994',
abbreviation: 'NHIL',
status: 'in_force',
issuedDate: '1994-06-26',
inForceDate: '1995-01-01',
url: 'https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/999_289.htm',
},
{
id: 'genetic-information-law-2000',
lawName: 'Genetic Information Law',
year: 2000,
title: '\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05de\u05d9\u05d3\u05e2 \u05d2\u05e0\u05d8\u05d9, \u05ea\u05e9"\u05e1-2000',
titleEn: 'Genetic Information Law, 5761-2000',
abbreviation: 'GIL',
status: 'in_force',
issuedDate: '2000-12-25',
inForceDate: '2001-01-01',
url: 'https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/999_211.htm',
},
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// NEW: COMPETITION & REGULATORY (metadata-only)
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
{
id: 'economic-competition-law-1988',
lawName: 'Economic Competition Law (Restrictive Trade Practices)',
year: 1988,
title: '\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05ea\u05d7\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05db\u05dc\u05db\u05dc\u05d9\u05ea, \u05ea\u05e9\u05de"\u05d8-1988',
titleEn: 'Economic Competition Law, 5748-1988',
abbreviation: 'ECL',
status: 'in_force',
issuedDate: '1988-01-01',
inForceDate: '1988-01-01',
url: 'https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/999_156.htm',
},
{
id: 'taxation-ordinance-1961',
lawName: 'Income Tax Ordinance (New Version)',
year: 1961,
title: '\u05e4\u05e7\u05d5\u05d3\u05ea \u05de\u05e1 \u05d4\u05db\u05e0\u05e1\u05d4 [\u05e0\u05d5\u05e1\u05d7 \u05d7\u05d3\u05e9], \u05ea\u05e9\u05db"\u05d0-1961',
titleEn: 'Income Tax Ordinance (New Version), 5721-1961',
abbreviation: 'ITO',
status: 'in_force',
issuedDate: '1961-01-01',
inForceDate: '1961-01-01',
url: 'https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/p222_001.htm',
},
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
// NEW: DATA & TECHNOLOGY (metadata-only)
// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
{
id: 'database-registration-regulations-1986',
lawName: 'Protection of Privacy (Registration of Databases) Regulations',
year: 1986,
title: '\u05ea\u05e7\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d2\u05e0\u05ea \u05d4\u05e4\u05e8\u05d8\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea (\u05e8\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05dd \u05de\u05d0\u05d2\u05e8\u05d9 \u05de\u05d9\u05d3\u05e2), \u05ea\u05e9\u05de"\u05d6-1986',
titleEn: 'Protection of Privacy (Registration of Databases) Regulations, 5746-1986',
abbreviation: 'DBRR',
status: 'in_force',
issuedDate: '1986-01-01',
inForceDate: '1986-01-01',
url: 'https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/999_121.htm',
},
{
id: 'privacy-protection-transfer-abroad-regulations-2001',
lawName: 'Protection of Privacy (Transfer of Data to Databases Abroad) Regulations',
year: 2001,
title: '\u05ea\u05e7\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d2\u05e0\u05ea \u05d4\u05e4\u05e8\u05d8\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea (\u05d4\u05e2\u05d1\u05e8\u05ea \u05de\u05d9\u05d3\u05e2 \u05dc\u05de\u05d0\u05d2\u05e8\u05d9 \u05de\u05d9\u05d3\u05e2 \u05e9\u05de\u05d7\u05d5\u05e5 \u05dc\u05d9\u05e9\u05e8\u05d0\u05dc), \u05ea\u05e1"\u05d0-2001',
titleEn: 'Protection of Privacy (Transfer of Data to Databases Abroad) Regulations, 5761-2001',
abbreviation: 'DTBR',
status: 'in_force',
issuedDate: '2001-01-01',
inForceDate: '2001-01-01',
url: 'https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/999_609.htm',
},
{
id: 'encouragement-of-research-law-1984',
lawName: 'Encouragement of Research, Development and Technological Innovation in Industry Law',
year: 1984,
title: '\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05dc\u05e2\u05d9\u05d3\u05d5\u05d3 \u05de\u05d7\u05e7\u05e8 \u05d5\u05e4\u05d9\u05ea\u05d5\u05d7 \u05d5\u05d7\u05d3\u05e9\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d8\u05db\u05e0\u05d5\u05dc\u05d5\u05d2\u05d9\u05ea \u05d1\u05ea\u05e2\u05e9\u05d9\u05d9\u05d4, \u05ea\u05e9\u05de"\u05d3-1984',
titleEn: 'Encouragement of Research, Development and Technological Innovation in Industry Law, 5744-1984',
abbreviation: 'RDTL',
status: 'in_force',
issuedDate: '1984-12-10',
inForceDate: '1985-01-01',
url: 'https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/999_101.htm',
},
];