fix(web-ui): display all human-facing timestamps in Asia/Jerusalem (deterministic)

Storage stays UTC (DB TIMESTAMPTZ, API ISO-UTC) — only the display layer is
localized, and now deterministically: every timestamp renders pinned to
Asia/Jerusalem via a single Intl-based formatter, so SSR (UTC container) and
the browser agree on any runtime. No layout/visible-format change — only the tz.

- New single date formatter web-ui/src/lib/format-date.ts (G2): formatDate /
  formatDateShort / formatDateLong / formatDateTime / formatDateTimeFull /
  formatTime / formatIsoDate + Israel helpers getIsraelYear / israelDayKey /
  israelMidnightMs / israelParts + formatRelative (long/short/tight wording).
- Routed all ad-hoc toLocaleDateString/toLocaleTimeString/toLocaleString +
  hand-rolled new Date(...).get*() / toISOString().slice(0,10) timestamp call
  sites (30 files) through it. Number toLocaleString left untouched.
- Spec: added INV-UI9 to docs/spec/X6 (UTC storage, Asia/Jerusalem display).

Display-only; no layout/design/IA change → Claude Design gate N/A.
Invariants: G2 (single date formatter, no parallel ad-hoc formatting), INV-UI9.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

docs/spec/X6-ui-api-contract.md

@@ -105,13 +105,36 @@ TanStack Query — *Important Defaults* (staleTime/refetch) (https://tanstack.co
 **אכיפה:** `halacha_backlog` מרונדר ב-/operations (לא נזרק); `findings_approved` (review_status, צרכן אמיתי)
 החליף את `findings_applied` (דגל מת); מוני-סוכנים מסמנים "חלקי" כשחברה לא-נטענה (גל-1 #130).
 
+### INV-UI9: זמן-מאוחסן ב-UTC · תצוגה אנושית דטרמיניסטית ב-Asia/Jerusalem
+**כלל:** **האחסון נשאר UTC** מקצה-לקצה — Postgres `TIMESTAMPTZ`, וה-API מחזיר ISO-UTC; אין נרמול-tz
+בשכבת-האחסון/ה-API. **שכבת-התצוגה בלבד** ממירה, ובאופן **דטרמיניסטי**: כל חותמת-זמן אנושית מרונדרת
+ב-`timeZone: "Asia/Jerusalem"` (locale `he-IL`), בלי תלות ב-tz של ה-host/קונטיינר/דפדפן. כיוון
+שהקונטיינר רץ ב-UTC, פירמוט ad-hoc (`new Date(iso).toLocaleDateString("he-IL")`, `.getHours()`,
+`toISOString().slice(0,10)`) מציג UTC תחת SSR (ושוב UTC בכל runtime לא-ישראלי) → drift. נעיצת
+`Asia/Jerusalem` מבטיחה ש-SSR והדפדפן מסכימים. **פורמט-התצוגה (צורת התאריך/שעה) נשמר זהה — רק ה-tz
+מנורמל.** מופע של [G2](00-constitution.md#inv-g2-מקור-אמת-יחיד--אין-מסלולים-מקבילים-מתפצלים)
+(מפרמט-תאריך **יחיד**, אין פירמוט-זמן מקביל-מפוזר) בשכבת-התצוגה.
+**מקורות:** ECMAScript Internationalization API — `Intl.DateTimeFormat` `timeZone` option
+(https://tc39.es/ecma402/#datetimeformat-objects) · MDN — *Intl.DateTimeFormat* (IANA time zones)
+(https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Intl/DateTimeFormat) ·
+Next.js — *Rendering* (SSR משתמש בשעון-השרת אם לא ננעץ)
+(https://nextjs.org/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering) | סטטוס: verified
+**אכיפה:** מפרמט-תאריך יחיד ב-[web-ui/src/lib/format-date.ts](../../web-ui/src/lib/format-date.ts)
+(`formatDate`/`formatDateShort`/`formatDateLong`/`formatDateTime`/`formatDateTimeFull`/`formatTime`/
+`formatIsoDate`/`formatRelative` + עוזרי-Israel `getIsraelYear`/`israelDayKey`/`israelMidnightMs`/
+`israelParts`), כולם נעוצים ל-`Asia/Jerusalem`; כל משטחי-ה-UI מייבאים ממנו ולא מפרמטים tz ad-hoc.
+פירמוט-**מספרים** (`n.toLocaleString`) מחוץ-לתחום (אינו חותמת-זמן). **חריג מוצהר:** קלט
+`<input type="datetime-local">` (בקרת-burst ב-`/operations`) הוא ערך הניתן-לכתיבה ע"י המפעיל, לא תצוגת-
+מאוחסן — נשאר בנייה מקומית. **אודיט-נלווה (לא מיושם):** הגדרת `TZ=Asia/Jerusalem` בקונטיינר בטוחה רק
+אם אף לוגיקה עסקית אינה תלויה בשעון-ה-process כ-UTC.
+
 ---
 
 ## 3. כללי-עיצוב (Design Rules) — נגזרים מה-invariants
 - **SSoT ל-enums/תוויות/tones:** כל enum (CaseStatus, PracticeArea, AppealSubtype, DocType, outcome) +
   תוויותיו + צבעיו מוגדרים **פעם אחת** ונצרכים מיבוא — לא משוכפלים בין דפים/רכיבים (מופע UI1/G2).
-- **helpers משותפים:** פירמוט-תאריך, builder ל-FormData (העלאות), רכיב-שגיאה, query-config (intervals) —
+- **helpers משותפים:** פירמוט-תאריך (מפרמט-יחיד נעוץ-Asia/Jerusalem ב-[format-date.ts](../../web-ui/src/lib/format-date.ts),
-  משותפים, לא מועתקים.
+  INV-UI9), builder ל-FormData (העלאות), רכיב-שגיאה, query-config (intervals) — משותפים, לא מועתקים.
 - **חוזי-טופס:** ראה INV-UI6 ([X8](X8-field-provenance.md)).
 
 הממצאים הקונקרטיים (כפילויות, הגדרות-שגויות, redundancy) ב-[ui-audit.md](ui-audit.md); התיקון — **FU-10**.

web-ui/src/app/approvals/page.tsx

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import {
   type ApprovalCategory,
   type ApprovalSeverity,
 } from "@/lib/api/chair";
+import { formatDateLong } from "@/lib/format-date";
 
 /**
  * מרכז אישורים — דפנה (INV-G10).
@@ -35,18 +36,7 @@ const SEVERITY_RAIL: Record<ApprovalSeverity, string> = {
   ok: "border-s-success",
 };
 
-function formatDate(iso?: string | null): string {
+const formatDate = (iso?: string | null) => formatDateLong(iso);
-  if (!iso) return "";
-  try {
-    return new Date(iso).toLocaleDateString("he-IL", {
-      day: "numeric",
-      month: "long",
-      year: "numeric",
-    });
-  } catch {
-    return "";
-  }
-}
 
 function ApprovalCard({ cat }: { cat: ApprovalCategory }) {
   const cleared = cat.count === 0;

web-ui/src/app/archive/page.tsx

@@ -28,19 +28,7 @@ import {
 import { useCases, useRestoreCase, type Case } from "@/lib/api/cases";
 import { subtypeOf } from "@/components/cases/appeal-type-bars";
 import { APPEAL_SUBTYPE_LABELS, type AppealSubtype } from "@/lib/practice-area";
-
+import { formatDate, getIsraelYear } from "@/lib/format-date";
-function formatDate(iso?: string | null) {
-  if (!iso) return "—";
-  try {
-    return new Date(iso).toLocaleDateString("he-IL", {
-      day: "2-digit",
-      month: "2-digit",
-      year: "numeric",
-    });
-  } catch {
-    return iso;
-  }
-}
 
 // type chip styling per mockup 05 (.t-lic / .t-bet / .t-comp)
 const TYPE_CHIP: Record<string, string> = {
@@ -177,8 +165,8 @@ export default function ArchivePage() {
     const set = new Set<string>();
     for (const c of rows) {
       if (!c.archived_at) continue;
-      const y = new Date(c.archived_at).getFullYear();
+      const y = getIsraelYear(c.archived_at);
-      if (!Number.isNaN(y)) set.add(String(y));
+      if (y !== null) set.add(String(y));
     }
     return [...set].sort((a, b) => Number(b) - Number(a));
   }, [rows]);
@@ -209,7 +197,7 @@ export default function ArchivePage() {
     if (yearFilter !== "all") {
       all = all.filter((r) => {
         const iso = r.original.archived_at;
-        return iso != null && String(new Date(iso).getFullYear()) === yearFilter;
+        return iso != null && String(getIsraelYear(iso)) === yearFilter;
       });
     }
     return all;

web-ui/src/app/feedback/page.tsx

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ import {
   type ChairFeedback,
   type FeedbackCategory,
 } from "@/lib/api/feedback";
+import { formatDateLong } from "@/lib/format-date";
 
 /**
  * מרכז הערות יו"ר — הדף המרכזי לטיפול בכל הערות דפנה שנרשמו על טיוטות
@@ -33,18 +34,7 @@ const CAT_CHIP: Record<FeedbackCategory, string> = {
   other: "bg-rule-soft text-ink-soft",
 };
 
-function formatDate(iso?: string | null): string {
+const formatDate = (iso?: string | null) => formatDateLong(iso);
-  if (!iso) return "";
-  try {
-    return new Date(iso).toLocaleDateString("he-IL", {
-      day: "numeric",
-      month: "long",
-      year: "numeric",
-    });
-  } catch {
-    return "";
-  }
-}
 
 function FeedbackCard({ fb }: { fb: ChairFeedback }) {
   const resolve = useResolveFeedback();

web-ui/src/app/operations/page.tsx

@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ import {
   type SubscriptionUsage,
   type UsageWindow,
 } from "@/lib/api/operations";
+import { formatTime, israelParts } from "@/lib/format-date";
 
 function mb(bytes: number): string {
   return `${Math.round((bytes || 0) / 1024 / 1024)}MB`;
@@ -46,8 +47,7 @@ function mb(bytes: number): string {
 // and resumes on its own when a window resets.
 function usageResetLabel(iso: string | null): string {
   if (!iso) return "—";
-  const d = new Date(iso);
+  return `איפוס ${formatTime(iso)}`;
-  return `איפוס ${d.toLocaleTimeString("he-IL", { hour: "2-digit", minute: "2-digit" })}`;
 }
 
 function UsageMeter({ label, w }: { label: string; w?: UsageWindow | null }) {
@@ -195,8 +195,9 @@ function nextSaturday18(): Date {
 }
 const HE_DAYS = ["א׳", "ב׳", "ג׳", "ד׳", "ה׳", "ו׳", "ש׳"];
 function fmtDeadline(iso: string): string {
-  const d = new Date(iso);
+  const p = israelParts(iso);
-  return `${HE_DAYS[d.getDay()]} ${pad2(d.getDate())}/${pad2(d.getMonth() + 1)} ${pad2(d.getHours())}:${pad2(d.getMinutes())}`;
+  if (!p) return "—";
+  return `${HE_DAYS[p.weekday]} ${pad2(p.day)}/${pad2(p.month)} ${pad2(p.hour)}:${pad2(p.minute)}`;
 }
 
 function BurstControl({ s }: { s: OpsService }) {

web-ui/src/app/scripts/page.tsx

@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ import {
   useRunScript,
   type ScriptRunResult,
 } from "@/lib/api/scripts";
+import { formatDateLong } from "@/lib/format-date";
 
 /*
  * /scripts — catalog of everything under scripts/, rendered as the
@@ -354,11 +355,7 @@ export default function ScriptsPage() {
 
   const lastModified =
     data?.last_modified != null
-      ? new Date(data.last_modified * 1000).toLocaleDateString("he-IL", {
+      ? formatDateLong(data.last_modified * 1000)
-          year: "numeric",
-          month: "long",
-          day: "numeric",
-        })
       : null;
 
   const giteaBase = data?.gitea_url ?? null;

web-ui/src/app/settings/_components/agents-tab.tsx

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ import {
   type DriftEntry,
   type PaperclipAgent,
 } from "@/lib/api/paperclip-agents";
+import { formatDateShort } from "@/lib/format-date";
 
 const ROLE_LABEL: Record<string, string> = {
   ceo: "CEO",
@@ -211,7 +212,7 @@ function PairCard({ pair }: { pair: AgentPair }) {
           </Button>
           {pair.master?.updated_at && (
             <span className="text-[0.7rem] text-ink-light">
-              עודכן: {new Date(pair.master.updated_at).toLocaleDateString("he-IL")}
+              עודכן: {formatDateShort(pair.master.updated_at)}
             </span>
           )}
         </div>

web-ui/src/app/skills/page.tsx

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import {
   TableRow,
 } from "@/components/ui/table";
 import { useSkills, type Skill } from "@/lib/api/skills";
+import { formatIsoDate } from "@/lib/format-date";
 
 function formatChars(skill: Skill): string {
   // Mockup column = "גודל (תווים)" — the DB markdown char count, grouped.
@@ -21,13 +22,8 @@ function formatChars(skill: Skill): string {
 }
 
 function formatUpdated(iso: string | null): string {
-  if (!iso) return "—";
+  // ISO-style date to match the mockup (2026-06-09), tabular — Israel-time day.
-  try {
+  return formatIsoDate(iso);
-    // ISO-style date to match the mockup (2026-06-09), tabular.
-    return new Date(iso).toISOString().slice(0, 10);
-  } catch {
-    return "—";
-  }
 }
 
 /**

web-ui/src/components/cases/agent-activity-feed.tsx

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ import type {
   InteractionTask,
   PaperclipComment,
 } from "@/lib/api/agents";
+import { formatRelative } from "@/lib/format-date";
 import { toast } from "sonner";
 import {
   Bot,
@@ -83,15 +84,7 @@ function issueStatusLabel(status: string) {
 /* ── Time formatting ─────────────────────────────────────────── */
 
 function timeAgo(iso: string | null): string {
-  if (!iso) return "";
+  return formatRelative(iso, { units: "short", fallback: "" });
-  const diff = Date.now() - new Date(iso).getTime();
-  const mins = Math.floor(diff / 60_000);
-  if (mins < 1) return "עכשיו";
-  if (mins < 60) return `לפני ${mins} דק׳`;
-  const hours = Math.floor(mins / 60);
-  if (hours < 24) return `לפני ${hours} שע׳`;
-  const days = Math.floor(hours / 24);
-  return `לפני ${days} ימים`;
 }
 
 /* ── Issue identifier → find matching identifier ─────────────── */

web-ui/src/components/cases/agent-activity-preview.tsx

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import Link from "next/link";
 import { Loader2, CheckCircle2, Clock } from "lucide-react";
 import { useAgentActivity } from "@/lib/api/agents";
 import type { PaperclipIssue } from "@/lib/api/agents";
+import { formatRelative } from "@/lib/format-date";
 
 const STATUS_DOT: Record<string, string> = {
   in_progress: "bg-gold",
@@ -22,13 +23,7 @@ const STATUS_LABEL: Record<string, string> = {
 };
 
 function timeAgo(iso: string | null): string {
-  if (!iso) return "—";
+  return formatRelative(iso, { units: "tight", fallback: "—" });
-  const diffMs = Date.now() - new Date(iso).getTime();
-  const m = Math.floor(diffMs / 60_000);
-  if (m < 60) return `לפני ${m}ד'`;
-  const h = Math.floor(m / 60);
-  if (h < 24) return `לפני ${h}ש'`;
-  return `לפני ${Math.floor(h / 24)} ימים`;
 }
 
 function IssueRow({ issue }: { issue: PaperclipIssue }) {

web-ui/src/components/cases/case-header.tsx

@@ -10,21 +10,9 @@ import {
   APPEAL_SUBTYPE_LABELS,
   isBlamSubtype,
 } from "@/lib/practice-area";
+import { formatDate } from "@/lib/format-date";
 import type { CaseDetail } from "@/lib/api/cases";
 
-function formatDate(iso?: string | null) {
-  if (!iso) return "—";
-  try {
-    return new Date(iso).toLocaleDateString("he-IL", {
-      day: "2-digit",
-      month: "2-digit",
-      year: "numeric",
-    });
-  } catch {
-    return iso ?? "—";
-  }
-}
-
 function partiesLine(data?: CaseDetail): string | null {
   const appellant = data?.appellants?.filter(Boolean) ?? [];
   const respondent = data?.respondents?.filter(Boolean) ?? [];

web-ui/src/components/cases/cases-table.tsx

@@ -24,32 +24,16 @@ import {
 import { StatusBadge } from "@/components/cases/status-badge";
 import { isBlamSubtype } from "@/lib/practice-area";
 import type { Case } from "@/lib/api/cases";
+import { formatDate, israelMidnightMs, todayIsraelMidnightMs } from "@/lib/format-date";
 
-function formatDate(iso?: string) {
+/** Midnight today in Israel time, in ms — pivot between an upcoming and a past hearing. */
-  if (!iso) return "—";
-  try {
-    return new Date(iso).toLocaleDateString("he-IL", {
-      day: "2-digit",
-      month: "2-digit",
-      year: "numeric",
-    });
-  } catch {
-    return iso;
-  }
-}
-
-/** Midnight today, in ms — the pivot between an upcoming and a past hearing. */
 function startOfToday() {
-  const d = new Date();
+  return todayIsraelMidnightMs();
-  d.setHours(0, 0, 0, 0);
-  return d.getTime();
 }
 
-/** Day-precision ms for a hearing date, or null when absent/unparseable. */
+/** Day-precision ms (Israel time) for a hearing date, or null when absent/unparseable. */
 function hearingMs(iso?: string | null): number | null {
-  if (!iso) return null;
+  return israelMidnightMs(iso);
-  const t = new Date(iso).setHours(0, 0, 0, 0);
-  return Number.isNaN(t) ? null : t;
 }
 
 type HearingClass = "soon" | "upcoming" | "past" | "none";

web-ui/src/components/cases/decision-blocks-panel.tsx

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ import {
   type BlockStatus,
 } from "@/lib/api/decision-blocks";
 import { BLOCK_LABELS } from "@/lib/api/feedback";
+import { formatTime } from "@/lib/format-date";
 import { AlertTriangle, Pencil, FileText } from "lucide-react";
 
 /* ── status badge styling ─────────────────────────────── */
@@ -233,10 +234,7 @@ function SaveIndicator({ state }: { state: SaveState }) {
     return <span className="text-[0.72rem] text-ink-muted">⏳ שומר…</span>;
   }
   if (state.kind === "saved") {
-    const time = state.at.toLocaleTimeString("he-IL", {
+    const time = formatTime(state.at);
-      hour: "2-digit",
-      minute: "2-digit",
-    });
     return <span className="text-[0.72rem] text-success">✓ נשמר {time}</span>;
   }
   return <span className="text-[0.72rem] text-danger">⚠ {state.message}</span>;

web-ui/src/components/cases/documents-panel.tsx

@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ import { apiRequest } from "@/lib/api/client";
 import { casesKeys } from "@/lib/api/cases";
 import type { CaseDetail, CaseDocument } from "@/lib/api/cases";
 import { DocumentTypeEditor } from "@/components/cases/document-type-editor";
+import { formatDateShort as formatDate } from "@/lib/format-date";
 
 /*
  * Document list for the case detail "מסמכים" tab. Uses the real document
@@ -76,15 +77,6 @@ function StatusIcon({ status }: { status: string }) {
   }
 }
 
-function formatDate(iso: string) {
-  if (!iso) return "—";
-  try {
-    return new Date(iso).toLocaleDateString("he-IL");
-  } catch {
-    return iso;
-  }
-}
-
 function filenameFromPath(path: string): string {
   const parts = path.split("/");
   return parts[parts.length - 1] || path;

web-ui/src/components/cases/drafts-panel.tsx

@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@ import {
 import { useCaseCitations } from "@/lib/api/citations";
 import { learningKeys } from "@/lib/api/learning";
 import { LearningStatusBadges } from "@/components/cases/learning-status-badges";
+import { formatDateTime, formatDateShort } from "@/lib/format-date";
 import type { CaseStatus } from "@/lib/api/cases";
 import { toast } from "sonner";
 import {
@@ -72,13 +73,7 @@ function formatSize(bytes: number): string {
 }
 
 function formatDate(epoch: number): string {
-  return new Date(epoch * 1000).toLocaleDateString("he-IL", {
+  return formatDateTime(epoch * 1000);
-    day: "numeric",
-    month: "short",
-    year: "numeric",
-    hour: "2-digit",
-    minute: "2-digit",
-  });
 }
 
 /* ── Main component ─────────────────────────────────── */
@@ -568,9 +563,7 @@ export function DraftsPanel({
                     </Badge>
                   )}
                   <span className="text-[0.65rem] text-ink-muted me-auto">
-                    {fb.created_at
+                    {fb.created_at ? formatDateShort(fb.created_at) : ""}
-                      ? new Date(fb.created_at).toLocaleDateString("he-IL")
-                      : ""}
                   </span>
                 </div>
                 <p className="text-sm leading-relaxed">{fb.feedback_text}</p>

web-ui/src/components/cases/status-hero.tsx

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import { StatusChanger } from "@/components/cases/status-changer";
 import { StatusGuide } from "@/components/cases/status-guide";
 import { AgentStatusWidget } from "@/components/cases/agent-status-widget";
 import { expectedOutcomes } from "@/lib/schemas/case";
+import { formatDate } from "@/lib/format-date";
 import type { CaseDetail } from "@/lib/api/cases";
 
 /*
@@ -21,19 +22,6 @@ const EXPECTED_OUTCOME_LABELS: Record<string, string> = Object.fromEntries(
   expectedOutcomes.map((o) => [o.value, o.label]),
 );
 
-function formatDate(iso?: string | null): string {
-  if (!iso) return "—";
-  try {
-    return new Date(iso).toLocaleDateString("he-IL", {
-      day: "2-digit",
-      month: "2-digit",
-      year: "numeric",
-    });
-  } catch {
-    return iso ?? "—";
-  }
-}
-
 function phaseIndexOf(status?: CaseStatus): number {
   if (!status) return -1;
   return PHASES.findIndex((p) => p.statuses.includes(status));

web-ui/src/components/cases/sync-indicator.tsx

@@ -2,17 +2,7 @@
 
 import { useGitStatus } from "@/lib/api/cases";
 import { CheckCircle2, AlertCircle, Clock, CloudOff } from "lucide-react";
-
+import { formatRelative } from "@/lib/format-date";
-function formatRelative(iso: string): string {
-  const diff = Date.now() - new Date(iso).getTime();
-  const mins = Math.floor(diff / 60_000);
-  if (mins < 1) return "עכשיו";
-  if (mins < 60) return `לפני ${mins} דק׳`;
-  const hours = Math.floor(mins / 60);
-  if (hours < 24) return `לפני ${hours} שע׳`;
-  const days = Math.floor(hours / 24);
-  return `לפני ${days} ימים`;
-}
 
 export function SyncIndicator({ caseNumber }: { caseNumber?: string }) {
   const { data, isLoading } = useGitStatus(caseNumber);

web-ui/src/components/compose/chair-editor.tsx

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 import { useEffect, useRef, useState } from "react";
 import { useSaveChairPosition } from "@/lib/api/research";
+import { formatTime } from "@/lib/format-date";
 
 /*
  * Chair-position editor for a single threshold claim or issue.
@@ -87,10 +88,7 @@ function SaveIndicator({ state }: { state: SaveState }) {
     return <span className="text-[0.72rem] text-ink-muted">⏳ שומר…</span>;
   }
   if (state.kind === "saved") {
-    const time = state.at.toLocaleTimeString("he-IL", {
+    const time = formatTime(state.at);
-      hour: "2-digit",
-      minute: "2-digit",
-    });
     return <span className="text-[0.72rem] text-success">✓ נשמר {time}</span>;
   }
   return <span className="text-[0.72rem] text-danger">⚠ {state.message}</span>;

web-ui/src/components/digests/digest-card.tsx

@@ -5,15 +5,7 @@ import type { ReactNode } from "react";
 import { Badge } from "@/components/ui/badge";
 import { practiceAreaLabel } from "@/components/precedents/practice-area";
 import type { Digest } from "@/lib/api/digests";
-
+import { formatDateShort as formatDate } from "@/lib/format-date";
-function formatDate(iso: string | null) {
-  if (!iso) return "—";
-  try {
-    return new Date(iso).toLocaleDateString("he-IL");
-  } catch {
-    return iso;
-  }
-}
 
 /**
  * Presentational card for a single digest ("כל יום" radar entry).

web-ui/src/components/graph/graph-filter-panel.tsx

@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ import {
 } from "@/components/ui/select";
 import type { GraphFacets } from "@/lib/api/graph";
 import type { ColorBy, SizeBy } from "@/components/graph/graph-canvas";
+import { getIsraelYear } from "@/lib/format-date";
 
 export type GraphControls = {
   practiceArea: string;
@@ -51,7 +52,7 @@ const ALL = "__all__";
 // Floor covers the oldest dated precedent in the corpus (currently ע"א 725/81 →
 // 1982); ceiling tracks the current year so the range never ages out.
 const YEAR_FLOOR = 1980;
-const CURRENT_YEAR = new Date().getFullYear();
+const CURRENT_YEAR = getIsraelYear(new Date()) ?? new Date().getFullYear();
 const YEARS = Array.from(
   { length: CURRENT_YEAR - YEAR_FLOOR + 1 },
   (_, i) => CURRENT_YEAR - i,

web-ui/src/components/missing-precedents/missing-precedents-table.tsx

@@ -20,15 +20,7 @@ import {
   type MissingPrecedentStatus,
 } from "@/lib/api/missing-precedents";
 import { MissingPrecedentDetailDrawer } from "./missing-precedent-detail-drawer";
-
+import { formatDateShort as formatDate } from "@/lib/format-date";
-function formatDate(iso: string | null) {
-  if (!iso) return "—";
-  try {
-    return new Date(iso).toLocaleDateString("he-IL");
-  } catch {
-    return iso;
-  }
-}
 
 /** Status chip — mockup 09 tones (open=warn, uploaded=info, closed=success,
  *  irrelevant=muted). Pill-shaped, whitespace-nowrap. */

web-ui/src/components/operations/system-health-section.tsx

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import { Card, CardContent } from "@/components/ui/card";
 import { Badge } from "@/components/ui/badge";
 import { Skeleton } from "@/components/ui/skeleton";
 import { useDiagnostics, type DiagDoc } from "@/lib/api/system";
+import { formatDateShort, formatRelative } from "@/lib/format-date";
 
 const TABLE_LABELS: Record<string, string> = {
   cases: "תיקים",
@@ -25,16 +26,10 @@ const TABLE_LABELS: Record<string, string> = {
 
 function formatRelativeTime(iso: string | null) {
   if (!iso) return "—";
-  const then = new Date(iso);
+  const min = Math.floor((Date.now() - new Date(iso).getTime()) / 60000);
-  const diffMs = Date.now() - then.getTime();
+  // Past 30 days, fall back to an absolute Israel-time date.
-  const min = Math.floor(diffMs / 60000);
+  if (min >= 30 * 24 * 60) return formatDateShort(iso);
-  if (min < 1) return "עכשיו";
+  return formatRelative(iso, { units: "long" });
-  if (min < 60) return `לפני ${min} דקות`;
-  const hr = Math.floor(min / 60);
-  if (hr < 24) return `לפני ${hr} שעות`;
-  const days = Math.floor(hr / 24);
-  if (days < 30) return `לפני ${days} ימים`;
-  return then.toLocaleDateString("he-IL");
 }
 
 function DocRow({ doc, tone }: { doc: DiagDoc; tone: "danger" | "warn" }) {

web-ui/src/components/precedents/halacha-review-panel.tsx

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ import {
   type Halacha, type CanonicalInstance,
 } from "@/lib/api/precedent-library";
 import { AuthorityBadge, ruleTypeLabel } from "./halacha-meta";
+import { formatDateShort as formatDate } from "@/lib/format-date";
 
 /** #81 strict-rubric flags — why an item was held back from auto-approval. */
 const QUALITY_FLAG_LABELS: Record<string, string> = {
@@ -28,15 +29,6 @@ const QUALITY_FLAG_LABELS: Record<string, string> = {
   nevo_preamble_leak: "דליפת רציו נבו",
 };
 
-function formatDate(iso: string | null | undefined) {
-  if (!iso) return "—";
-  try {
-    return new Date(iso).toLocaleDateString("he-IL");
-  } catch {
-    return iso;
-  }
-}
-
 /* Strip Unicode bidi marks that render as zero-width but shift visual position. */
 function cleanCitation(s: string | null | undefined): string {
   if (!s) return "—";

web-ui/src/components/precedents/library-list-panel.tsx

@@ -31,15 +31,7 @@ import {
   FormattedCitation,
   CitationCopyButton,
 } from "./formatted-citation";
-
+import { formatDateShort as formatDate } from "@/lib/format-date";
-function formatDate(iso: string | null) {
-  if (!iso) return "—";
-  try {
-    return new Date(iso).toLocaleDateString("he-IL");
-  } catch {
-    return iso;
-  }
-}
 
 function cleanCitation(s: string | null | undefined): string {
   if (!s) return "—";

web-ui/src/components/precedents/library-search-panel.tsx

@@ -14,15 +14,7 @@ import {
 } from "@/lib/api/precedent-library";
 import { PRACTICE_AREAS, PRECEDENT_LEVELS } from "./practice-area";
 import { AuthorityBadge } from "./halacha-meta";
-
+import { formatDateShort as formatDate } from "@/lib/format-date";
-function formatDate(iso: string | null) {
-  if (!iso) return "—";
-  try {
-    return new Date(iso).toLocaleDateString("he-IL");
-  } catch {
-    return iso;
-  }
-}
 
 /** Score chip — boxed, gold-deep, tabular (mockup 07 `.score`). Sits at the
  *  end of the meta row via `ms-auto`. White fill on gold-wash halacha cards. */

web-ui/src/components/precedents/precedent-upload-sheet.tsx

@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ import {
 } from "@/lib/api/precedent-library";
 import { ApiError } from "@/lib/api/client";
 import { useProgress } from "@/lib/api/documents";
+import { formatDateShort } from "@/lib/format-date";
 import {
   PRACTICE_AREAS, PRECEDENT_LEVELS, SOURCE_TYPES,
 } from "./practice-area";
@@ -192,7 +193,7 @@ export function PrecedentUploadSheet({ open, onOpenChange }: Props) {
                   {conflict.citation}
                   {conflict.case_name && ` — ${conflict.case_name}`}
                   {conflict.court && ` · ${conflict.court}`}
-                  {conflict.date && ` · ${new Date(conflict.date).toLocaleDateString("he-IL")}`}
+                  {conflict.date && ` · ${formatDateShort(conflict.date)}`}
                 </p>
                 {conflict.halacha_extraction_status && (
                   <p className="text-danger/60 text-[0.72rem]">

web-ui/src/components/training/chat-panel.tsx

@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ import {
   useDeleteChat,
   type ChatMessage,
 } from "@/lib/api/training";
+import { formatDateShort } from "@/lib/format-date";
 import { useQueryClient } from "@tanstack/react-query";
 
 export function ChatPanel() {
@@ -200,7 +201,7 @@ function ConversationsSidebar({
                       <span className="tabular-nums">{c.message_count}</span>
                       <MessageSquare className="w-3 h-3" />
                       <span className="grow text-end">
-                        {new Date(c.last_message_at).toLocaleDateString("he-IL")}
+                        {formatDateShort(c.last_message_at)}
                       </span>
                       <button
                         onClick={(e) => { e.stopPropagation(); onDelete(c.id); }}

web-ui/src/components/training/corpus-panel.tsx

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import { Badge } from "@/components/ui/badge";
 import { Skeleton } from "@/components/ui/skeleton";
 import { useCorpus, useDeleteCorpusEntry, type CorpusDecision } from "@/lib/api/training";
 import { CorpusDetailDrawer } from "./corpus-detail-drawer";
+import { formatDateShort as formatDate } from "@/lib/format-date";
 
 /*
  * Corpus tab: table of all decisions currently in the style corpus.
@@ -30,15 +31,6 @@ function formatChars(n: number) {
   return `${(n / 1000).toFixed(1)}K`;
 }
 
-function formatDate(iso: string) {
-  if (!iso) return "—";
-  try {
-    return new Date(iso).toLocaleDateString("he-IL");
-  } catch {
-    return iso;
-  }
-}
-
 function Row({
   item, onOpen,
 }: { item: CorpusDecision; onOpen: () => void }) {

web-ui/src/components/training/curator-portrait-panel.tsx

@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ import { Skeleton } from "@/components/ui/skeleton";
 import { ScrollArea } from "@/components/ui/scroll-area";
 import { Tabs, TabsContent, TabsList, TabsTrigger } from "@/components/ui/tabs";
 import { Markdown } from "@/components/ui/markdown";
+import { formatDateShort, formatDateTimeFull } from "@/lib/format-date";
 import {
   useCuratorPrompt,
   useCuratorStats,
@@ -256,7 +257,7 @@ function RecentFindings() {
                 )}
                 <span className="grow text-ink-muted text-end">
                   <Clock className="w-3 h-3 inline me-1" />
-                  {new Date(f.created_at).toLocaleDateString("he-IL")}
+                  {formatDateShort(f.created_at)}
                 </span>
               </div>
               <p className="text-sm text-ink leading-relaxed">{f.lesson_text}</p>
@@ -291,7 +292,7 @@ function CuratorPromptCard() {
             <h3 className="text-navy font-semibold">{data.filename}</h3>
             <p className="text-[0.72rem] text-ink-muted">
               {data.bytes.toLocaleString("he-IL")} בייטים ·
-              עודכן: {new Date(data.last_modified * 1000).toLocaleString("he-IL")}
+              עודכן: {formatDateTimeFull(data.last_modified * 1000)}
             </p>
           </div>
           <Button asChild variant="outline" size="sm">

web-ui/src/components/training/learning-panel.tsx

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import {
   useReconciliationLedger, useStyleDistance, usePairDetail, usePromoteLearning,
   type DraftFinalPair,
 } from "@/lib/api/learning";
+import { formatDateShort as fmtDate } from "@/lib/format-date";
 
 /**
  * /training "למידה" tab (T6/T13) — the reconciliation ledger (INV-LRN4): every
@@ -28,11 +29,6 @@ const STATUS_CLASS: Record<string, string> = {
   lessons_folded: "bg-emerald-50 text-emerald-800 border-emerald-300/60",
 };
 
-function fmtDate(iso: string | null) {
-  if (!iso) return "—";
-  try { return new Date(iso).toLocaleDateString("he-IL"); } catch { return iso; }
-}
-
 function StyleDistanceDetail({ caseNumber }: { caseNumber: string }) {
   const { data, isPending, error } = useStyleDistance(caseNumber);
   if (isPending) return <Loader2 className="w-4 h-4 animate-spin text-ink-muted" />;

web-ui/src/components/training/lessons-tab.tsx

@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ import {
   usePatchLesson,
   type DecisionLesson,
 } from "@/lib/api/training";
+import { formatDateShort } from "@/lib/format-date";
 
 const CATEGORIES = [
   { value: "general", label: "כללי" },
@@ -224,7 +225,7 @@ function LessonItem({
             {reviewBadge.label}
           </Badge>
           <span className="grow text-ink-muted tabular-nums">
-            {new Date(lesson.created_at).toLocaleDateString("he-IL")}
+            {formatDateShort(lesson.created_at)}
           </span>
         </div>
 

web-ui/src/lib/format-date.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,296 @@
+/**
+ * Central date/time formatting — pinned to Israel time (Asia/Jerusalem).
+ *
+ * WHY THIS EXISTS (INV-UI9 / G2):
+ * Storage stays UTC end-to-end (Postgres TIMESTAMPTZ, API returns ISO-UTC).
+ * Only the *display* layer is localized, and it is localized **deterministically**:
+ * every human-facing timestamp renders in `Asia/Jerusalem`, regardless of the
+ * host/container/browser timezone. The legal-ai container runs in UTC, so an
+ * ad-hoc `new Date(iso).toLocaleDateString("he-IL")` shows UTC under SSR (and
+ * UTC again on any non-Israel runtime) — that drift is exactly what this module
+ * removes. Pinning `timeZone: "Asia/Jerusalem"` makes SSR and the browser agree.
+ *
+ * This is the ONE date formatter for the UI. Do not format timestamps ad-hoc
+ * with `new Date(...).toLocaleDateString(...)` / `.toLocaleString(...)` /
+ * `.getHours()` rendering elsewhere — route through these helpers so the tz is
+ * always Israel and nothing drifts.
+ *
+ * Number formatting (e.g. `n.toLocaleString("he-IL")`) is NOT a timestamp and is
+ * intentionally out of scope here.
+ */
+
+const TZ = "Asia/Jerusalem";
+const LOCALE = "he-IL";
+
+/** Coerce an ISO string / epoch-ms / Date into a valid Date, or null. */
+function toDate(value: string | number | Date | null | undefined): Date | null {
+  if (value == null) return null;
+  const d = value instanceof Date ? value : new Date(value);
+  return Number.isNaN(d.getTime()) ? null : d;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Date only — `dd/MM/yyyy` in Israel time (e.g. "30/06/2026").
+ * Matches the prior `toLocaleDateString("he-IL", {day,month:"2-digit",year:"numeric"})`.
+ */
+export function formatDate(
+  value: string | number | Date | null | undefined,
+  fallback = "—",
+): string {
+  const d = toDate(value);
+  if (!d) return fallback;
+  return new Intl.DateTimeFormat(LOCALE, {
+    timeZone: TZ,
+    day: "2-digit",
+    month: "2-digit",
+    year: "numeric",
+  }).format(d);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Date only — long month form (e.g. "30 ביוני 2026") in Israel time.
+ * Matches the prior `toLocaleDateString("he-IL", {day:"numeric",month:"long",year:"numeric"})`.
+ */
+export function formatDateLong(
+  value: string | number | Date | null | undefined,
+  fallback = "",
+): string {
+  const d = toDate(value);
+  if (!d) return fallback;
+  return new Intl.DateTimeFormat(LOCALE, {
+    timeZone: TZ,
+    day: "numeric",
+    month: "long",
+    year: "numeric",
+  }).format(d);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Date only — short form, locale default (e.g. "30.6.2026") in Israel time.
+ * Matches the prior bare `toLocaleDateString("he-IL")`.
+ */
+export function formatDateShort(
+  value: string | number | Date | null | undefined,
+  fallback = "—",
+): string {
+  const d = toDate(value);
+  if (!d) return fallback;
+  return new Intl.DateTimeFormat(LOCALE, { timeZone: TZ }).format(d);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Date + time — `d בMMM yyyy, HH:mm` style in Israel time.
+ * Matches the prior `{day:"numeric",month:"short",year:"numeric",hour,minute}`.
+ */
+export function formatDateTime(
+  value: string | number | Date | null | undefined,
+  fallback = "—",
+): string {
+  const d = toDate(value);
+  if (!d) return fallback;
+  return new Intl.DateTimeFormat(LOCALE, {
+    timeZone: TZ,
+    day: "numeric",
+    month: "short",
+    year: "numeric",
+    hour: "2-digit",
+    minute: "2-digit",
+  }).format(d);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Full date + time — locale default with time, Israel time.
+ * Matches the prior bare `toLocaleString("he-IL")`.
+ */
+export function formatDateTimeFull(
+  value: string | number | Date | null | undefined,
+  fallback = "—",
+): string {
+  const d = toDate(value);
+  if (!d) return fallback;
+  return new Intl.DateTimeFormat(LOCALE, {
+    timeZone: TZ,
+    dateStyle: "short",
+    timeStyle: "short",
+  }).format(d);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Time only — `HH:mm` in Israel time (e.g. "14:05").
+ * Matches the prior `toLocaleTimeString("he-IL", {hour,minute})`.
+ */
+export function formatTime(
+  value: string | number | Date | null | undefined,
+  fallback = "—",
+): string {
+  const d = toDate(value);
+  if (!d) return fallback;
+  return new Intl.DateTimeFormat(LOCALE, {
+    timeZone: TZ,
+    hour: "2-digit",
+    minute: "2-digit",
+  }).format(d);
+}
+
+/**
+ * ISO calendar date `YYYY-MM-DD` for the Israel-time day of the instant.
+ * Deterministic replacement for `new Date(iso).toISOString().slice(0,10)`,
+ * which yields the UTC day (off-by-one near midnight Israel time).
+ */
+export function formatIsoDate(
+  value: string | number | Date | null | undefined,
+  fallback = "—",
+): string {
+  const d = toDate(value);
+  if (!d) return fallback;
+  // en-CA's short date is ISO-shaped (YYYY-MM-DD); pin the tz so it's the Israel day.
+  return new Intl.DateTimeFormat("en-CA", {
+    timeZone: TZ,
+    year: "numeric",
+    month: "2-digit",
+    day: "2-digit",
+  }).format(d);
+}
+
+/**
+ * The calendar year (number) of the Israel-time day for an instant.
+ * Deterministic replacement for `new Date(iso).getFullYear()` (which uses the
+ * runtime tz). Returns null when the value is absent/unparseable.
+ */
+export function getIsraelYear(
+  value: string | number | Date | null | undefined,
+): number | null {
+  const d = toDate(value);
+  if (!d) return null;
+  const y = new Intl.DateTimeFormat("en-CA", { timeZone: TZ, year: "numeric" }).format(d);
+  const n = Number(y);
+  return Number.isNaN(n) ? null : n;
+}
+
+/**
+ * The Israel-time calendar day of an instant as a sortable integer YYYYMMDD,
+ * or null when absent/unparseable. Use this to compare two dates at *day*
+ * precision in Israel time (e.g. hearing-date vs. today) without runtime-tz drift.
+ */
+export function israelDayKey(
+  value: string | number | Date | null | undefined,
+): number | null {
+  const iso = formatIsoDate(value, ""); // "YYYY-MM-DD" or ""
+  if (!iso) return null;
+  const n = Number(iso.replace(/-/g, ""));
+  return Number.isNaN(n) ? null : n;
+}
+
+/** Today's Israel-time calendar day as a sortable integer YYYYMMDD. */
+export function todayIsraelDayKey(): number {
+  return israelDayKey(new Date()) as number;
+}
+
+/**
+ * The UTC-ms of midnight (00:00) of the instant's *Israel* calendar day.
+ * Day-precision pivot for ms-based comparisons/diffs (e.g. hearing date vs.
+ * today) that must not drift with the runtime timezone. Returns null when the
+ * value is absent/unparseable. Built from the en-CA YYYY-MM-DD of the Israel day
+ * combined with the Israel UTC offset at that instant, so two values from the
+ * same Israel day always reduce to the same ms.
+ */
+export function israelMidnightMs(
+  value: string | number | Date | null | undefined,
+): number | null {
+  const d = toDate(value);
+  if (!d) return null;
+  const iso = formatIsoDate(d, ""); // YYYY-MM-DD of the Israel day
+  if (!iso) return null;
+  const [y, m, day] = iso.split("-").map(Number);
+  // Israel wall-clock midnight as a UTC instant: take naive UTC midnight of that
+  // calendar day and subtract Israel's offset (Israel is ahead of UTC).
+  const naiveUtcMidnight = Date.UTC(y, m - 1, day);
+  const utc = new Date(d.toLocaleString("en-US", { timeZone: "UTC" }));
+  const isr = new Date(d.toLocaleString("en-US", { timeZone: TZ }));
+  const offsetMs = isr.getTime() - utc.getTime();
+  return naiveUtcMidnight - offsetMs;
+}
+
+/** UTC-ms of midnight of *today's* Israel calendar day. */
+export function todayIsraelMidnightMs(): number {
+  return israelMidnightMs(new Date()) as number;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Numeric date/time components of an instant in Israel time. For the rare call
+ * site that builds a bespoke string from parts (e.g. a custom weekday + dd/MM
+ * HH:mm deadline label) and must do so in Israel time rather than the runtime
+ * tz. `weekday` is 0=Sunday … 6=Saturday (matching `Date.getDay()`).
+ * Returns null when the value is absent/unparseable.
+ */
+export function israelParts(
+  value: string | number | Date | null | undefined,
+): { year: number; month: number; day: number; hour: number; minute: number; weekday: number } | null {
+  const d = toDate(value);
+  if (!d) return null;
+  const parts = new Intl.DateTimeFormat("en-US", {
+    timeZone: TZ,
+    year: "numeric",
+    month: "2-digit",
+    day: "2-digit",
+    hour: "2-digit",
+    minute: "2-digit",
+    weekday: "short",
+    hour12: false,
+  }).formatToParts(d);
+  const get = (t: string) => parts.find((p) => p.type === t)?.value ?? "";
+  const WD: Record<string, number> = { Sun: 0, Mon: 1, Tue: 2, Wed: 3, Thu: 4, Fri: 5, Sat: 6 };
+  let hour = Number(get("hour"));
+  if (hour === 24) hour = 0; // some engines emit "24" for midnight under hour12:false
+  return {
+    year: Number(get("year")),
+    month: Number(get("month")),
+    day: Number(get("day")),
+    hour,
+    minute: Number(get("minute")),
+    weekday: WD[get("weekday")] ?? 0,
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Relative "time ago" in Hebrew. Timezone-agnostic (it's a diff between two
+ * absolute instants), but centralized here so all relative rendering lives in
+ * one place. `units` selects the existing wording per call site so visible text
+ * is unchanged:
+ *   - "long":  עכשיו / לפני N דקות / לפני N שעות / לפני N ימים
+ *   - "short": עכשיו / לפני N דק׳ / לפני N שע׳ / לפני N ימים
+ *   - "tight": לפני Nד' / לפני Nש' / לפני N ימים  (no "now" bucket)
+ */
+export function formatRelative(
+  value: string | number | Date | null | undefined,
+  opts: { units?: "long" | "short" | "tight"; fallback?: string } = {},
+): string {
+  const { units = "short", fallback = "" } = opts;
+  const d = toDate(value);
+  if (!d) return fallback;
+
+  const diffMs = Date.now() - d.getTime();
+  const mins = Math.floor(diffMs / 60_000);
+  const hours = Math.floor(mins / 60);
+  const days = Math.floor(hours / 24);
+
+  if (units === "tight") {
+    if (mins < 60) return `לפני ${mins}ד'`;
+    if (hours < 24) return `לפני ${hours}ש'`;
+    return `לפני ${days} ימים`;
+  }
+
+  const now = "עכשיו";
+  if (units === "long") {
+    if (mins < 1) return now;
+    if (mins < 60) return `לפני ${mins} דקות`;
+    if (hours < 24) return `לפני ${hours} שעות`;
+    return `לפני ${days} ימים`;
+  }
+
+  // "short"
+  if (mins < 1) return now;
+  if (mins < 60) return `לפני ${mins} דק׳`;
+  if (hours < 24) return `לפני ${hours} שע׳`;
+  return `לפני ${days} ימים`;
+}