feat(retrieval): add voyage-multimodal-3 page-image embeddings (feature flag)

Stage C: per-page image embeddings via voyage-multimodal-3 + hybrid
text+image search. Off by default; enable with MULTIMODAL_ENABLED=true.

- Schema V9: document_image_embeddings + precedent_image_embeddings
  (vector(1024), page_number, image_thumbnail_path)
- extractor.render_pages_for_multimodal renders PDF pages at
  MULTIMODAL_DPI (144) for embedding + JPEG thumbnails at
  MULTIMODAL_THUMB_DPI (96) for UI preview, in one pass
- embeddings.embed_images calls voyage-multimodal-3 in 50-page batches
- services/hybrid_search.py orchestrator: rerank applied to text side
  first (rerank-2 is text-only); image side cosine; weighted merge
  with text_weight 0.65 (env-tunable); image-only pages surface as
  match_type='image' so dense scanned content still appears
- processor.process_document and precedent_library.ingest_precedent
  gated by flag — non-fatal on multimodal failure
- scripts/multimodal_backfill.py — idempotent per-case CLI to embed
  existing documents without re-extracting text

Validated locally on a 5-page response brief: render 0.31s, embed 8.32s,
hybrid merge surfaces image rows correctly. Production rollout starts
with flag=false (no behavior change), then per-case A/B.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

mcp-server/src/legal_mcp/config.py

@@ -58,6 +58,29 @@ VOYAGE_RERANK_ENABLED = (
 # 50 was the depth used in the POC; balances recall vs rerank cost.
 VOYAGE_RERANK_FETCH_K = int(os.environ.get("VOYAGE_RERANK_FETCH_K", "50"))
 
+# Multimodal — page-image embeddings via voyage-multimodal-3. Off by
+# default; flip with env to enable per-page image embedding during
+# ingestion + hybrid (text+image) ranking at search time. POC #3
+# validated on a 89-page appraisal PDF (38s, 312K tokens, recovered
+# table structure + image-only scanned pages that text-OCR misses).
+MULTIMODAL_ENABLED = (
+    os.environ.get("MULTIMODAL_ENABLED", "false").lower() == "true"
+)
+MULTIMODAL_MODEL = os.environ.get("MULTIMODAL_MODEL", "voyage-multimodal-3")
+# Render DPI for the image fed to the embedder. POC used 144 — sweet
+# spot between embedding quality and tokens/page (144 ≈ 3.5K tok/page).
+MULTIMODAL_DPI = int(os.environ.get("MULTIMODAL_DPI", "144"))
+# Separate, lower DPI for the JPEG thumbnail saved to disk for UI
+# preview. ~96dpi → ~20KB/page; ingestion-time, no re-render at view.
+MULTIMODAL_THUMB_DPI = int(os.environ.get("MULTIMODAL_THUMB_DPI", "96"))
+# Hybrid merge weight for the *text* side. The image side gets
+# (1 - this). POC found text dominates most queries; image wins only
+# on table/visual queries — slight text bias starting point, tunable
+# per env without redeploy.
+MULTIMODAL_TEXT_WEIGHT = float(
+    os.environ.get("MULTIMODAL_TEXT_WEIGHT", "0.65")
+)
+
 # Halacha extraction — auto-approve threshold. Halachot with extractor
 # confidence >= this value are inserted with review_status='approved'
 # instead of 'pending_review' (so they immediately appear in

mcp-server/src/legal_mcp/services/db.py

@@ -623,6 +623,54 @@ CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_case_law_halacha_requested
 """
 
 
+# ── V9: Multimodal page-image embeddings ─────────────────────────
+# voyage-multimodal-3 (1024-dim) embeds the whole page as an image:
+# captures table layout, scanned content, signatures, plans — content
+# that text-OCR loses. Ingestion is gated by config.MULTIMODAL_ENABLED;
+# search_*_hybrid() merge text-cosine + image-cosine when present.
+# image_thumbnail_path is a relative path under DATA_DIR/cases/{case}/
+# thumbnails/ or DATA_DIR/precedent-library/thumbnails/ — a small JPEG
+# rendered at config.MULTIMODAL_THUMB_DPI for UI preview, distinct from
+# the higher-DPI render fed to the embedder (which is not persisted).
+
+SCHEMA_V9_SQL = """
+CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS document_image_embeddings (
+    id UUID PRIMARY KEY DEFAULT uuid_generate_v4(),
+    document_id UUID REFERENCES documents(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
+    case_id UUID REFERENCES cases(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
+    page_number INTEGER NOT NULL,
+    image_thumbnail_path TEXT,
+    embedding vector(1024),
+    model_name TEXT DEFAULT 'voyage-multimodal-3',
+    created_at TIMESTAMPTZ DEFAULT now(),
+    UNIQUE(document_id, page_number)
+);
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_doc_img_emb_vec
+    ON document_image_embeddings USING ivfflat (embedding vector_cosine_ops)
+    WITH (lists = 50);
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_doc_img_emb_doc
+    ON document_image_embeddings(document_id);
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_doc_img_emb_case
+    ON document_image_embeddings(case_id);
+
+CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS precedent_image_embeddings (
+    id UUID PRIMARY KEY DEFAULT uuid_generate_v4(),
+    case_law_id UUID REFERENCES case_law(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
+    page_number INTEGER NOT NULL,
+    image_thumbnail_path TEXT,
+    embedding vector(1024),
+    model_name TEXT DEFAULT 'voyage-multimodal-3',
+    created_at TIMESTAMPTZ DEFAULT now(),
+    UNIQUE(case_law_id, page_number)
+);
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_prec_img_emb_vec
+    ON precedent_image_embeddings USING ivfflat (embedding vector_cosine_ops)
+    WITH (lists = 50);
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_prec_img_emb_case_law
+    ON precedent_image_embeddings(case_law_id);
+"""
+
+
 async def init_schema() -> None:
     pool = await get_pool()
     async with pool.acquire() as conn:
@@ -635,7 +683,8 @@ async def init_schema() -> None:
         await conn.execute(SCHEMA_V6_SQL)
         await conn.execute(SCHEMA_V7_SQL)
         await conn.execute(SCHEMA_V8_SQL)
-    logger.info("Database schema initialized (v1-v8)")
+        await conn.execute(SCHEMA_V9_SQL)
+    logger.info("Database schema initialized (v1-v9)")
 
 
 # ── Case CRUD ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
@@ -2350,3 +2399,300 @@ async def clear_extraction_request(
         f"UPDATE case_law SET {col} = NULL WHERE id = $1",
         case_law_id,
     )
+
+
+# ── V9: Multimodal page image embeddings ─────────────────────────
+
+
+async def store_document_image_embeddings(
+    document_id: UUID,
+    case_id: UUID | None,
+    page_records: list[dict],
+    model_name: str = "voyage-multimodal-3",
+) -> int:
+    """Replace per-page image embeddings for a document.
+
+    Each ``page_records`` entry: ``{page_number, embedding, image_thumbnail_path}``.
+    Embeddings should already be 1024-dim lists (or None for skipped pages).
+    """
+    pool = await get_pool()
+    async with pool.acquire() as conn:
+        await conn.execute(
+            "DELETE FROM document_image_embeddings WHERE document_id = $1",
+            document_id,
+        )
+        for r in page_records:
+            await conn.execute(
+                """INSERT INTO document_image_embeddings
+                   (document_id, case_id, page_number, embedding,
+                    image_thumbnail_path, model_name)
+                   VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6)""",
+                document_id, case_id,
+                r["page_number"],
+                r.get("embedding"),
+                r.get("image_thumbnail_path"),
+                model_name,
+            )
+    return len(page_records)
+
+
+async def store_precedent_image_embeddings(
+    case_law_id: UUID,
+    page_records: list[dict],
+    model_name: str = "voyage-multimodal-3",
+) -> int:
+    """Same pattern as store_document_image_embeddings but for precedents."""
+    pool = await get_pool()
+    async with pool.acquire() as conn:
+        await conn.execute(
+            "DELETE FROM precedent_image_embeddings WHERE case_law_id = $1",
+            case_law_id,
+        )
+        for r in page_records:
+            await conn.execute(
+                """INSERT INTO precedent_image_embeddings
+                   (case_law_id, page_number, embedding,
+                    image_thumbnail_path, model_name)
+                   VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5)""",
+                case_law_id,
+                r["page_number"],
+                r.get("embedding"),
+                r.get("image_thumbnail_path"),
+                model_name,
+            )
+    return len(page_records)
+
+
+async def search_document_images_similar(
+    query_embedding: list[float],
+    limit: int = 10,
+    case_id: UUID | None = None,
+    practice_area: str | None = None,
+    appeal_subtype: str | None = None,
+) -> list[dict]:
+    """Cosine search over per-page image embeddings of case documents."""
+    pool = await get_pool()
+    conditions: list[str] = []
+    params: list = [query_embedding, limit]
+    idx = 3
+    if case_id:
+        conditions.append(f"die.case_id = ${idx}")
+        params.append(case_id); idx += 1
+    if practice_area:
+        conditions.append(f"c.practice_area = ${idx}")
+        params.append(practice_area); idx += 1
+    if appeal_subtype:
+        conditions.append(f"c.appeal_subtype = ${idx}")
+        params.append(appeal_subtype); idx += 1
+    where = f"WHERE {' AND '.join(conditions)}" if conditions else ""
+    sql = f"""
+        SELECT die.document_id, die.case_id, die.page_number,
+               die.image_thumbnail_path,
+               d.title AS document_title,
+               c.case_number,
+               1 - (die.embedding <=> $1) AS score
+        FROM document_image_embeddings die
+        JOIN documents d ON d.id = die.document_id
+        JOIN cases c ON c.id = die.case_id
+        {where}
+        ORDER BY die.embedding <=> $1
+        LIMIT $2
+    """
+    async with pool.acquire() as conn:
+        rows = await conn.fetch(sql, *params)
+    return [dict(r) for r in rows]
+
+
+async def search_precedent_images_similar(
+    query_embedding: list[float],
+    limit: int = 10,
+    practice_area: str = "",
+    court: str = "",
+    precedent_level: str = "",
+    appeal_subtype: str = "",
+    is_binding: bool | None = None,
+) -> list[dict]:
+    """Cosine search over per-page image embeddings of precedent rulings."""
+    pool = await get_pool()
+    conditions: list[str] = ["cl.source_kind = 'external_upload'"]
+    params: list = [query_embedding, limit]
+    idx = 3
+    if practice_area:
+        conditions.append(f"cl.practice_area = ${idx}")
+        params.append(practice_area); idx += 1
+    if court:
+        conditions.append(f"cl.court ILIKE ${idx}")
+        params.append(f"%{court}%"); idx += 1
+    if precedent_level:
+        conditions.append(f"cl.precedent_level = ${idx}")
+        params.append(precedent_level); idx += 1
+    if appeal_subtype:
+        conditions.append(f"cl.appeal_subtype = ${idx}")
+        params.append(appeal_subtype); idx += 1
+    if is_binding is not None:
+        conditions.append(f"cl.is_binding = ${idx}")
+        params.append(is_binding); idx += 1
+    where = " AND ".join(conditions)
+    sql = f"""
+        SELECT pie.case_law_id, pie.page_number, pie.image_thumbnail_path,
+               cl.case_number, cl.case_name, cl.court, cl.date AS decision_date,
+               cl.precedent_level, cl.practice_area,
+               1 - (pie.embedding <=> $1) AS score
+        FROM precedent_image_embeddings pie
+        JOIN case_law cl ON cl.id = pie.case_law_id
+        WHERE {where}
+        ORDER BY pie.embedding <=> $1
+        LIMIT $2
+    """
+    async with pool.acquire() as conn:
+        rows = await conn.fetch(sql, *params)
+    out = []
+    for r in rows:
+        d = dict(r)
+        if d.get("decision_date") is not None:
+            d["decision_date"] = d["decision_date"].isoformat()
+        out.append(d)
+    return out
+
+
+async def search_similar_hybrid(
+    query_text_embedding: list[float],
+    query_image_embedding: list[float],
+    limit: int = 10,
+    fetch_k: int = 30,
+    text_weight: float = 0.65,
+    case_id: UUID | None = None,
+    section_type: str | None = None,
+    practice_area: str | None = None,
+    appeal_subtype: str | None = None,
+) -> list[dict]:
+    """Weighted merge of text-chunk and per-page image search.
+
+    Same (document_id, page_number) → boost text chunk by image score
+    on that page. Image-only pages with no overlapping text chunk are
+    surfaced as ``match_type='image'`` so dense scanned content still
+    appears in results.
+    """
+    img_weight = 1.0 - text_weight
+    text_rows = await search_similar(
+        query_text_embedding, limit=fetch_k, case_id=case_id,
+        section_type=section_type, practice_area=practice_area,
+        appeal_subtype=appeal_subtype,
+    )
+    img_rows = await search_document_images_similar(
+        query_image_embedding, limit=fetch_k, case_id=case_id,
+        practice_area=practice_area, appeal_subtype=appeal_subtype,
+    )
+    img_by_page: dict[tuple, dict] = {
+        (str(r["document_id"]), r["page_number"]): r for r in img_rows
+    }
+    seen: set = set()
+    merged: list[dict] = []
+    for r in text_rows:
+        page = r.get("page_number")
+        key = (str(r["document_id"]), page) if page is not None else None
+        img_hit = img_by_page.get(key) if key else None
+        text_score = float(r["score"])
+        image_score = float(img_hit["score"]) if img_hit else 0.0
+        d = dict(r)
+        d["text_score"] = text_score
+        d["image_score"] = image_score
+        d["score"] = text_score * text_weight + image_score * img_weight
+        d["match_type"] = "text+image" if img_hit else "text"
+        if img_hit:
+            d["image_thumbnail_path"] = img_hit.get("image_thumbnail_path")
+        merged.append(d)
+        if key:
+            seen.add(key)
+    for r in img_rows:
+        key = (str(r["document_id"]), r["page_number"])
+        if key in seen:
+            continue
+        d = dict(r)
+        d["text_score"] = 0.0
+        d["image_score"] = float(r["score"])
+        d["score"] = float(r["score"]) * img_weight
+        d["match_type"] = "image"
+        d["content"] = ""
+        d["section_type"] = "image"
+        merged.append(d)
+    merged.sort(key=lambda x: -x["score"])
+    return merged[:limit]
+
+
+async def search_precedent_library_hybrid(
+    query_text_embedding: list[float],
+    query_image_embedding: list[float],
+    limit: int = 10,
+    fetch_k: int = 30,
+    text_weight: float = 0.65,
+    practice_area: str = "",
+    court: str = "",
+    precedent_level: str = "",
+    appeal_subtype: str = "",
+    is_binding: bool | None = None,
+    subject_tag: str = "",
+    include_halachot: bool = True,
+) -> list[dict]:
+    """Hybrid variant of search_precedent_library_semantic.
+
+    Halachot have no ``page_number`` — they're boosted by the max
+    image score from any page in the same case_law row.
+    """
+    img_weight = 1.0 - text_weight
+    text_results = await search_precedent_library_semantic(
+        query_text_embedding,
+        practice_area=practice_area, court=court,
+        precedent_level=precedent_level, appeal_subtype=appeal_subtype,
+        is_binding=is_binding, subject_tag=subject_tag,
+        limit=fetch_k, include_halachot=include_halachot,
+    )
+    img_results = await search_precedent_images_similar(
+        query_image_embedding, limit=fetch_k,
+        practice_area=practice_area, court=court,
+        precedent_level=precedent_level, appeal_subtype=appeal_subtype,
+        is_binding=is_binding,
+    )
+    img_by_page: dict[tuple, dict] = {}
+    img_by_case: dict[str, float] = {}
+    for r in img_results:
+        cid = str(r["case_law_id"])
+        img_by_page[(cid, r["page_number"])] = r
+        img_by_case[cid] = max(img_by_case.get(cid, 0.0), float(r["score"]))
+    seen: set = set()
+    merged: list[dict] = []
+    for r in text_results:
+        cid = str(r["case_law_id"])
+        page = r.get("page_number")
+        key = (cid, page) if page is not None else None
+        img_hit = img_by_page.get(key) if key else None
+        if img_hit:
+            image_score = float(img_hit["score"])
+        elif r.get("type") == "halacha":
+            image_score = img_by_case.get(cid, 0.0)
+        else:
+            image_score = 0.0
+        text_score = float(r["score"])
+        d = dict(r)
+        d["text_score"] = text_score
+        d["image_score"] = image_score
+        d["score"] = text_score * text_weight + image_score * img_weight
+        if img_hit:
+            d["image_thumbnail_path"] = img_hit.get("image_thumbnail_path")
+        if key:
+            seen.add(key)
+        merged.append(d)
+    for r in img_results:
+        key = (str(r["case_law_id"]), r["page_number"])
+        if key in seen:
+            continue
+        d = dict(r)
+        d["text_score"] = 0.0
+        d["image_score"] = float(r["score"])
+        d["score"] = float(r["score"]) * img_weight
+        d["type"] = "image_page"
+        d["content"] = ""
+        d["section_type"] = "image"
+        merged.append(d)
+    merged.sort(key=lambda x: -x["score"])
+    return merged[:limit]

mcp-server/src/legal_mcp/services/embeddings.py

@@ -3,15 +3,24 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import logging
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
 import voyageai
 
 from legal_mcp import config
 
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from PIL import Image as PILImage
+
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 _client: voyageai.Client | None = None
 
+# Per-call cap for multimodal_embed. POC ran 89 pages (~312K tokens)
+# in a single call comfortably; 50 leaves safe headroom for densely-
+# OCR'd legal pages where tokens/page can exceed 4K.
+_MULTIMODAL_BATCH_SIZE = 50
+
 
 def _get_client() -> voyageai.Client:
     global _client
@@ -55,6 +64,45 @@ async def embed_query(query: str) -> list[float]:
     return results[0]
 
 
+async def embed_images(
+    images: "list[PILImage.Image]",
+    input_type: str = "document",
+) -> list[list[float]]:
+    """Embed page images via voyage-multimodal-3.
+
+    Each input is a single PIL.Image (one page = one embedding).
+    Returns a list of 1024-dim vectors, one per input image, in order.
+    Batches at ``_MULTIMODAL_BATCH_SIZE`` to stay within Voyage's
+    per-request limits on dense legal pages.
+    """
+    if not images:
+        return []
+    client = _get_client()
+    out: list[list[float]] = []
+    for i in range(0, len(images), _MULTIMODAL_BATCH_SIZE):
+        batch = images[i : i + _MULTIMODAL_BATCH_SIZE]
+        result = client.multimodal_embed(
+            inputs=[[img] for img in batch],
+            model=config.MULTIMODAL_MODEL,
+            input_type=input_type,
+            truncation=True,
+        )
+        out.extend(result.embeddings)
+    return out
+
+
+async def embed_query_for_multimodal(query: str) -> list[float]:
+    """Embed a text query in the multimodal vector space, so it can be
+    cosine-compared against page-image embeddings."""
+    client = _get_client()
+    result = client.multimodal_embed(
+        inputs=[[query]],
+        model=config.MULTIMODAL_MODEL,
+        input_type="query",
+    )
+    return result.embeddings[0]
+
+
 async def voyage_rerank(
     query: str, documents: list[str], top_k: int | None = None,
 ) -> list[tuple[int, float]]:

mcp-server/src/legal_mcp/services/extractor.py

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ Post-processing: Hebrew abbreviation quote fixer.
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import asyncio
+import io
 import logging
 import re
 import subprocess
@@ -16,6 +17,7 @@ import tempfile
 from pathlib import Path
 
 import fitz  # PyMuPDF
+from PIL import Image
 from docx import Document as DocxDocument
 from google.cloud import vision
 from striprtf.striprtf import rtf_to_text
@@ -220,6 +222,65 @@ def _extract_rtf(path: Path) -> str:
     return rtf_to_text(rtf_content)
 
 
+# ── Multimodal page rendering (V9) ───────────────────────────────
+
+
+def _pixmap_to_pil(pix: fitz.Pixmap) -> Image.Image:
+    """Convert a PyMuPDF pixmap to PIL.Image (RGB) without going through
+    PNG bytes. Faster than tobytes('png') → Image.open()."""
+    if pix.alpha:
+        # Drop alpha channel — voyage multimodal expects RGB.
+        pix = fitz.Pixmap(pix, 0)
+    return Image.frombytes("RGB", (pix.width, pix.height), pix.samples)
+
+
+def render_pages_for_multimodal(
+    pdf_path: str | Path,
+    embed_dpi: int,
+    thumb_dpi: int | None = None,
+    thumbnail_dir: Path | None = None,
+) -> list[tuple[Image.Image, Path | None]]:
+    """Render each PDF page as PIL.Image at ``embed_dpi`` for the
+    multimodal embedder, and optionally save a smaller JPEG thumbnail
+    at ``thumb_dpi`` to ``thumbnail_dir`` for UI preview.
+
+    Returns ``[(pil_image, thumb_path_or_None), ...]`` in page order.
+    The full-DPI image stays in memory only — only the thumbnail is
+    persisted to disk.
+    """
+    src = Path(pdf_path)
+    if not src.is_file():
+        raise FileNotFoundError(f"PDF not found: {src}")
+    if thumbnail_dir is not None:
+        thumbnail_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+
+    out: list[tuple[Image.Image, Path | None]] = []
+    doc = fitz.open(str(src))
+    try:
+        for page_idx, page in enumerate(doc):
+            page_num = page_idx + 1
+            pix = page.get_pixmap(dpi=embed_dpi)
+            img = _pixmap_to_pil(pix)
+
+            thumb_path: Path | None = None
+            if thumbnail_dir is not None and thumb_dpi:
+                thumb_path = thumbnail_dir / f"p{page_num:03d}.jpg"
+                # Downsample the same render rather than re-rendering
+                # with PyMuPDF — far faster.
+                ratio = thumb_dpi / embed_dpi
+                thumb_size = (
+                    max(1, int(img.width * ratio)),
+                    max(1, int(img.height * ratio)),
+                )
+                thumb = img.resize(thumb_size, Image.Resampling.LANCZOS)
+                thumb.save(thumb_path, "JPEG", quality=75, optimize=True)
+
+            out.append((img, thumb_path))
+    finally:
+        doc.close()
+    return out
+
+
 # ── Nevo preamble stripping ──────────────────────────────────────
 
 _NEVO_MARKERS = ("ספרות:", "חקיקה שאוזכרה:", "מיני-רציו:", "פסקי דין שאוזכרו:",

mcp-server/src/legal_mcp/services/hybrid_search.py

@@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
+"""Hybrid (text + image) search wrappers.
+
+Layered on top of ``rerank.maybe_rerank``. When ``MULTIMODAL_ENABLED`` is
+true the result comes from a weighted merge of:
+
+  • text side: cosine on chunks → optional rerank-2 cross-encoder
+  • image side: cosine on per-page voyage-multimodal-3 embeddings
+
+rerank-2 is a *text* cross-encoder, so image-side rows are NOT passed
+through it; they keep their cosine score and merge alongside the
+(possibly reranked) text rows. Image-only pages with no overlapping
+text chunk are surfaced as ``match_type='image'`` so scanned-only or
+visual-heavy content still appears in results.
+
+When ``MULTIMODAL_ENABLED`` is false this module degenerates to plain
+``rerank.maybe_rerank`` — callers can wrap unconditionally and let env
+control behaviour.
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import logging
+from typing import Any
+from uuid import UUID
+
+from legal_mcp import config
+from legal_mcp.services import db, embeddings, rerank
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+async def search_documents_hybrid(
+    query: str,
+    query_text_embedding: list[float],
+    *,
+    limit: int,
+    case_id: UUID | None = None,
+    section_type: str | None = None,
+    practice_area: str | None = None,
+    appeal_subtype: str | None = None,
+) -> list[dict]:
+    """Hybrid wrapper for document-chunk search (search_decisions /
+    search_case_documents / find_similar_cases)."""
+    fetch_k = max(limit, config.VOYAGE_RERANK_FETCH_K) if config.MULTIMODAL_ENABLED else limit
+    text_results = await rerank.maybe_rerank(
+        query=query,
+        base_search=lambda **kw: db.search_similar(
+            query_embedding=query_text_embedding, **kw,
+        ),
+        limit=fetch_k,
+        case_id=case_id,
+        section_type=section_type,
+        practice_area=practice_area,
+        appeal_subtype=appeal_subtype,
+    )
+    if not config.MULTIMODAL_ENABLED:
+        return text_results[:limit]
+
+    try:
+        query_img_emb = await embeddings.embed_query_for_multimodal(query)
+        img_rows = await db.search_document_images_similar(
+            query_img_emb,
+            limit=fetch_k,
+            case_id=case_id,
+            practice_area=practice_area,
+            appeal_subtype=appeal_subtype,
+        )
+    except Exception as e:
+        logger.warning("Hybrid: image side failed, returning text only: %s", e)
+        return text_results[:limit]
+
+    merged = _merge(
+        text_results, img_rows,
+        id_field="document_id",
+        text_weight=config.MULTIMODAL_TEXT_WEIGHT,
+    )
+    return merged[:limit]
+
+
+async def search_precedent_library_hybrid(
+    query: str,
+    query_text_embedding: list[float],
+    *,
+    limit: int,
+    practice_area: str = "",
+    court: str = "",
+    precedent_level: str = "",
+    appeal_subtype: str = "",
+    is_binding: bool | None = None,
+    subject_tag: str = "",
+    include_halachot: bool = True,
+) -> list[dict]:
+    """Hybrid wrapper for precedent-library search."""
+    fetch_k = max(limit, config.VOYAGE_RERANK_FETCH_K) if config.MULTIMODAL_ENABLED else limit
+
+    async def _base(limit_inner: int) -> list[dict]:
+        return await db.search_precedent_library_semantic(
+            query_embedding=query_text_embedding,
+            practice_area=practice_area,
+            court=court,
+            precedent_level=precedent_level,
+            appeal_subtype=appeal_subtype,
+            is_binding=is_binding,
+            subject_tag=subject_tag,
+            limit=limit_inner,
+            include_halachot=include_halachot,
+        )
+
+    text_results = await rerank.maybe_rerank(
+        query=query, base_search=_base, limit=fetch_k,
+    )
+    if not config.MULTIMODAL_ENABLED:
+        return text_results[:limit]
+
+    try:
+        query_img_emb = await embeddings.embed_query_for_multimodal(query)
+        img_rows = await db.search_precedent_images_similar(
+            query_img_emb,
+            limit=fetch_k,
+            practice_area=practice_area,
+            court=court,
+            precedent_level=precedent_level,
+            appeal_subtype=appeal_subtype,
+            is_binding=is_binding,
+        )
+    except Exception as e:
+        logger.warning("Hybrid: image side failed, returning text only: %s", e)
+        return text_results[:limit]
+
+    merged = _merge(
+        text_results, img_rows,
+        id_field="case_law_id",
+        text_weight=config.MULTIMODAL_TEXT_WEIGHT,
+    )
+    return merged[:limit]
+
+
+def _merge(
+    text_rows: list[dict],
+    img_rows: list[dict],
+    id_field: str,
+    text_weight: float,
+) -> list[dict]:
+    """Weighted merge of text + image rows.
+
+    Joins on ``(id_field, page_number)``. Halachot in precedent rows
+    have no page_number; for those, image_score = max page score in
+    the same case_law row (case-level boost).
+
+    Image-only rows (no matching text hit) appear with match_type='image'
+    and empty content — UI shows the thumbnail instead of a snippet.
+    """
+    img_weight = 1.0 - text_weight
+    img_by_key: dict[tuple, dict] = {}
+    img_max_by_id: dict[str, float] = {}
+    for r in img_rows:
+        rid = str(r[id_field])
+        page = r.get("page_number")
+        img_by_key[(rid, page)] = r
+        score = float(r.get("score", 0.0))
+        img_max_by_id[rid] = max(img_max_by_id.get(rid, 0.0), score)
+
+    seen: set = set()
+    merged: list[dict] = []
+    for r in text_rows:
+        rid = str(r[id_field])
+        page = r.get("page_number")
+        key = (rid, page) if page is not None else None
+        img_hit = img_by_key.get(key) if key else None
+        text_score = float(r.get("score", 0.0))
+        if img_hit:
+            image_score = float(img_hit["score"])
+        elif r.get("type") == "halacha":
+            image_score = img_max_by_id.get(rid, 0.0)
+        else:
+            image_score = 0.0
+        d = dict(r)
+        d["text_score"] = text_score
+        d["image_score"] = image_score
+        d["score"] = text_score * text_weight + image_score * img_weight
+        d["match_type"] = "text+image" if img_hit else "text"
+        if img_hit:
+            d["image_thumbnail_path"] = img_hit.get("image_thumbnail_path")
+        if key:
+            seen.add(key)
+        merged.append(d)
+
+    for r in img_rows:
+        rid = str(r[id_field])
+        key = (rid, r.get("page_number"))
+        if key in seen:
+            continue
+        d = dict(r)
+        d["text_score"] = 0.0
+        d["image_score"] = float(r.get("score", 0.0))
+        d["score"] = float(r.get("score", 0.0)) * img_weight
+        d["match_type"] = "image"
+        d["content"] = ""
+        d["section_type"] = "image"
+        merged.append(d)
+
+    merged.sort(key=lambda x: -float(x["score"]))
+    return merged

mcp-server/src/legal_mcp/services/precedent_library.py

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ SSE plumbing without this module knowing about Redis.
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+import asyncio
 import logging
 import re
 import shutil
@@ -22,7 +23,7 @@ from typing import Awaitable, Callable
 from uuid import UUID, uuid4
 
 from legal_mcp import config
-from legal_mcp.services import chunker, db, embeddings, extractor, rerank
+from legal_mcp.services import chunker, db, embeddings, extractor, hybrid_search, rerank  # noqa: F401
 
 # Note: halacha_extractor and precedent_metadata_extractor are NOT imported
 # at module load. They are imported lazily inside the dedicated re-extract
@@ -188,6 +189,18 @@ async def ingest_precedent(
         ]
         stored_chunks = await db.store_precedent_chunks(case_law_id, chunk_dicts)
 
+        # Multimodal page-image embeddings (V9). Gated by feature flag.
+        # Non-fatal: text path already succeeded. Only PDFs.
+        if config.MULTIMODAL_ENABLED and page_count > 0 and staged.suffix.lower() == ".pdf":
+            try:
+                await progress(
+                    "embedding_images", 70,
+                    f"מטמיע {page_count} עמודי תמונה (multimodal)",
+                )
+                await _embed_precedent_pages(case_law_id, staged, page_count)
+            except Exception as e:
+                logger.warning("Precedent multimodal embedding failed (non-fatal): %s", e)
+
         # Pipeline split: the container does the non-LLM half (extract +
         # chunk + embed + store). LLM-driven extraction (metadata, halachot)
         # runs separately via the MCP tool `precedent_process_pending` from
@@ -413,19 +426,60 @@ async def search_library(
         return []
     query_vec = await embeddings.embed_query(query)
 
-    async def _base(limit: int) -> list[dict]:
+    return await hybrid_search.search_precedent_library_hybrid(
-        return await db.search_precedent_library_semantic(
+        query=query,
-            query_embedding=query_vec,
+        query_text_embedding=query_vec,
-            practice_area=practice_area,
+        limit=limit,
-            court=court,
+        practice_area=practice_area,
-            precedent_level=precedent_level,
+        court=court,
-            appeal_subtype=appeal_subtype,
+        precedent_level=precedent_level,
-            is_binding=is_binding,
+        appeal_subtype=appeal_subtype,
-            subject_tag=subject_tag,
+        is_binding=is_binding,
-            limit=limit,
+        subject_tag=subject_tag,
-            include_halachot=include_halachot,
+        include_halachot=include_halachot,
-        )
-
-    return await rerank.maybe_rerank(
-        query=query, base_search=_base, limit=limit,
     )
+
+
+async def _embed_precedent_pages(
+    case_law_id: UUID,
+    pdf_path: Path,
+    page_count: int,
+) -> dict:
+    """Render precedent PDF pages → embed via voyage-multimodal → store.
+
+    Thumbnails go to
+    ``data/precedent-library/thumbnails/{case_law_id}/p{N:03d}.jpg``.
+    """
+    thumb_dir = PRECEDENT_LIBRARY_DIR / "thumbnails" / str(case_law_id)
+    rendered = await asyncio.to_thread(
+        extractor.render_pages_for_multimodal,
+        pdf_path,
+        config.MULTIMODAL_DPI,
+        config.MULTIMODAL_THUMB_DPI,
+        thumb_dir,
+    )
+    images = [pil for pil, _ in rendered]
+    thumbs = [t for _, t in rendered]
+    img_embs = await embeddings.embed_images(images)
+
+    page_records = []
+    for i, (emb, thumb) in enumerate(zip(img_embs, thumbs)):
+        rel_thumb = None
+        if thumb is not None:
+            try:
+                rel_thumb = str(thumb.relative_to(config.DATA_DIR))
+            except ValueError:
+                rel_thumb = str(thumb)
+        page_records.append({
+            "page_number": i + 1,
+            "embedding": emb,
+            "image_thumbnail_path": rel_thumb,
+        })
+    stored = await db.store_precedent_image_embeddings(
+        case_law_id, page_records, model_name=config.MULTIMODAL_MODEL,
+    )
+    logger.info(
+        "Multimodal: stored %d page-image embeddings for case_law %s",
+        stored, case_law_id,
+    )
+    return {"pages_embedded": stored}

mcp-server/src/legal_mcp/services/processor.py

@@ -2,10 +2,12 @@
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+import asyncio
 import logging
 from pathlib import Path
 from uuid import UUID
 
+from legal_mcp import config
 from legal_mcp.services import chunker, db, embeddings, extractor, references_extractor
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
@@ -95,6 +97,21 @@ async def process_document(document_id: UUID, case_id: UUID) -> dict:
 
         stored = await db.store_chunks(document_id, case_id, chunk_dicts)
 
+        # Step 4.5: Multimodal page-image embeddings (V9). Gated by
+        # MULTIMODAL_ENABLED. Renders each PDF page → embeds via
+        # voyage-multimodal-3 → stores per-page row with thumbnail.
+        # Non-fatal on failure (text path already succeeded).
+        multimodal_result = {"pages_embedded": 0}
+        if config.MULTIMODAL_ENABLED and page_count > 0:
+            try:
+                pdf_path = Path(doc["file_path"])
+                if pdf_path.suffix.lower() == ".pdf":
+                    multimodal_result = await _embed_document_pages(
+                        document_id, case_id, pdf_path, page_count,
+                    )
+            except Exception as e:
+                logger.warning("Multimodal embedding failed (non-fatal): %s", e)
+
         # Step 5: Extract references (plans, case law, legislation) — non-fatal
         refs_result = {"plans": 0, "case_law": 0, "case_law_linked": 0, "legislation": 0}
         try:
@@ -124,9 +141,63 @@ async def process_document(document_id: UUID, case_id: UUID) -> dict:
                 "case_law": refs_result["case_law"],
                 "legislation": refs_result["legislation"],
             },
+            "multimodal": multimodal_result,
         }
 
     except Exception as e:
         logger.exception("Document processing failed: %s", e)
         await db.update_document(document_id, extraction_status="failed")
         return {"status": "failed", "error": str(e)}
+
+
+async def _embed_document_pages(
+    document_id: UUID,
+    case_id: UUID,
+    pdf_path: Path,
+    page_count: int,
+) -> dict:
+    """Render PDF pages → embed via voyage-multimodal → store per-page rows.
+
+    Thumbnails are saved under
+    ``data/cases/{case_number}/thumbnails/{document_id}/p{N:03d}.jpg``
+    so the UI can show small previews next to image-side search hits.
+    """
+    # Layout: data/cases/{case_number}/documents/originals/{file}.pdf
+    # → case_dir = pdf_path.parent.parent.parent
+    case_dir = pdf_path.parent.parent.parent
+    thumb_dir = case_dir / "thumbnails" / str(document_id)
+
+    logger.info("Multimodal: rendering %d pages @ %ddpi", page_count, config.MULTIMODAL_DPI)
+    rendered = await asyncio.to_thread(
+        extractor.render_pages_for_multimodal,
+        pdf_path,
+        config.MULTIMODAL_DPI,
+        config.MULTIMODAL_THUMB_DPI,
+        thumb_dir,
+    )
+    images = [pil for pil, _ in rendered]
+    thumb_paths = [thumb for _, thumb in rendered]
+
+    logger.info("Multimodal: embedding %d pages via %s", len(images), config.MULTIMODAL_MODEL)
+    img_embs = await embeddings.embed_images(images)
+
+    page_records = []
+    for i, (emb, thumb) in enumerate(zip(img_embs, thumb_paths)):
+        rel_thumb = None
+        if thumb is not None:
+            try:
+                rel_thumb = str(thumb.relative_to(config.DATA_DIR))
+            except ValueError:
+                rel_thumb = str(thumb)
+        page_records.append({
+            "page_number": i + 1,
+            "embedding": emb,
+            "image_thumbnail_path": rel_thumb,
+        })
+
+    stored = await db.store_document_image_embeddings(
+        document_id, case_id, page_records,
+        model_name=config.MULTIMODAL_MODEL,
+    )
+    logger.info("Multimodal: stored %d page-image embeddings", stored)
+    return {"pages_embedded": stored, "model": config.MULTIMODAL_MODEL}

mcp-server/src/legal_mcp/tools/search.py

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import json
 import logging
 from uuid import UUID
 
-from legal_mcp.services import db, embeddings, rerank
+from legal_mcp.services import db, embeddings, hybrid_search
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
@@ -43,9 +43,9 @@ async def search_decisions(
         )
 
     query_emb = await embeddings.embed_query(query)
-    results = await rerank.maybe_rerank(
+    results = await hybrid_search.search_documents_hybrid(
         query=query,
-        base_search=lambda **kw: db.search_similar(query_embedding=query_emb, **kw),
+        query_text_embedding=query_emb,
         limit=limit,
         section_type=section_type or None,
         practice_area=practice_area or None,
@@ -59,11 +59,13 @@ async def search_decisions(
     for r in results:
         formatted.append({
             "score": round(float(r["score"]), 4),
-            "case_number": r["case_number"],
+            "case_number": r.get("case_number"),
-            "document": r["document_title"],
+            "document": r.get("document_title"),
-            "section": r["section_type"],
+            "section": r.get("section_type"),
-            "page": r["page_number"],
+            "page": r.get("page_number"),
-            "content": r["content"],
+            "content": r.get("content", ""),
+            "match_type": r.get("match_type", "text"),
+            "image_thumbnail": r.get("image_thumbnail_path"),
         })
 
     return json.dumps(formatted, ensure_ascii=False, indent=2)
@@ -87,9 +89,9 @@ async def search_case_documents(
 
     query_emb = await embeddings.embed_query(query)
     # Restricted to case_id — practice_area filter would be redundant.
-    results = await rerank.maybe_rerank(
+    results = await hybrid_search.search_documents_hybrid(
         query=query,
-        base_search=lambda **kw: db.search_similar(query_embedding=query_emb, **kw),
+        query_text_embedding=query_emb,
         limit=limit,
         case_id=UUID(case["id"]),
     )
@@ -101,10 +103,12 @@ async def search_case_documents(
     for r in results:
         formatted.append({
             "score": round(float(r["score"]), 4),
-            "document": r["document_title"],
+            "document": r.get("document_title"),
-            "section": r["section_type"],
+            "section": r.get("section_type"),
-            "page": r["page_number"],
+            "page": r.get("page_number"),
-            "content": r["content"],
+            "content": r.get("content", ""),
+            "match_type": r.get("match_type", "text"),
+            "image_thumbnail": r.get("image_thumbnail_path"),
         })
 
     return json.dumps(formatted, ensure_ascii=False, indent=2)
@@ -139,12 +143,11 @@ async def find_similar_cases(
         )
 
     query_emb = await embeddings.embed_query(description)
-    # Use description as the query text for rerank too.
+    # Even with rerank we ask for ``limit*3`` so the dedup-by-case
-    # Note: even with rerank we ask for ``limit*3`` so the dedup-by-case
     # step downstream still has enough rows to pick the best per case.
-    results = await rerank.maybe_rerank(
+    results = await hybrid_search.search_documents_hybrid(
         query=description,
-        base_search=lambda **kw: db.search_similar(query_embedding=query_emb, **kw),
+        query_text_embedding=query_emb,
         limit=limit * 3,
         practice_area=practice_area or None,
         appeal_subtype=appeal_subtype or None,
@@ -153,14 +156,16 @@ async def find_similar_cases(
     if not results:
         return "לא נמצאו תיקים דומים."
 
-    # Deduplicate by case_number, keep best score per case
+    # Deduplicate by case_number, keep best score per case.
+    # image-only rows still carry case_number from the join.
     seen_cases = {}
     for r in results:
-        cn = r["case_number"]
+        cn = r.get("case_number")
+        if not cn:
+            continue
         if cn not in seen_cases or r["score"] > seen_cases[cn]["score"]:
             seen_cases[cn] = r
 
-    # Sort by score and limit
     top_cases = sorted(seen_cases.values(), key=lambda x: x["score"], reverse=True)[:limit]
 
     formatted = []
@@ -168,8 +173,9 @@ async def find_similar_cases(
         formatted.append({
             "score": round(float(r["score"]), 4),
             "case_number": r["case_number"],
-            "document": r["document_title"],
+            "document": r.get("document_title"),
-            "relevant_section": r["content"][:500],
+            "relevant_section": (r.get("content") or "")[:500],
+            "match_type": r.get("match_type", "text"),
         })
 
     return json.dumps(formatted, ensure_ascii=False, indent=2)

scripts/SCRIPTS.md

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 | `voyage_multimodal_poc.py` | python | POC #3 — voyage-multimodal-3 על דוח שמאי (89 עמודים). הכרעה: שיפור משמעותי לטבלאות + 22 עמודי image-only שhttp text-OCR מאבד | בנצ'מרק חד-פעמי, מוכן לשלב C |
 | `voyage_rerank_judge_poc.py` | python | POC #4 — voyage-3 vs rerank-2 vs context-3 על אהרון ברק, 18 שאילתות, claude-haiku-4-5 כ-judge. הכרעה: rerank-2 ניצח עם +9% mean@3 | בנצ'מרק חד-פעמי |
 | `voyage_rerank_corpus_poc.py` | python | POC #5 — voyage-3 vs rerank-2 על קורפוס מלא (785 docs). הכרעה: +4.5% mean@3 כללי, +11.6% על P queries (practical) | בנצ'מרק חד-פעמי, אישר את שלב B |
+| `multimodal_backfill.py` | python | Backfill voyage-multimodal-3 page embeddings על מסמכי תיקים קיימים. idempotent (skips by default), forces `MULTIMODAL_ENABLED=true` ל-run, רץ מהקונטיינר. שלב C — ראה `docs/voyage-upgrades-plan.md` | ידני per-case (`python multimodal_backfill.py 8174-24 8137-24`) |
 
 ## תיקיית `.archive/` — סקריפטים שהושלמו
 

scripts/multimodal_backfill.py

@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+"""Multimodal backfill — embed page images for existing case documents.
+
+Iterates over documents already in the DB and renders + embeds + stores
+per-page voyage-multimodal-3 vectors. Skips documents that already have
+image embeddings (idempotent).
+
+Independent of the processor pipeline — does NOT re-extract text or
+re-chunk; only the multimodal step.
+
+Designed to run from inside the FastAPI/MCP container (where /data is
+mounted and writable). Locally it requires sudo for the thumbnails dir
+under /home/chaim/legal-ai/data/cases/...
+
+Usage::
+
+    # In container (Coolify):
+    docker exec -it <legal-ai-container> python -m legal_mcp.cli \\
+        multimodal_backfill --cases 8174-24 8137-24
+
+    # Or as a script (sets MULTIMODAL_ENABLED=true automatically):
+    /opt/api/mcp-server/.venv/bin/python /opt/api/scripts/multimodal_backfill.py 8174-24 8137-24
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import argparse
+import asyncio
+import logging
+import os
+import sys
+import time
+from pathlib import Path
+from uuid import UUID
+
+
+def _setup_paths():
+    """Ensure mcp-server src is on path even when run as a standalone script."""
+    here = Path(__file__).resolve().parent
+    mcp_src = here.parent / "mcp-server" / "src"
+    if mcp_src.is_dir() and str(mcp_src) not in sys.path:
+        sys.path.insert(0, str(mcp_src))
+
+
+_setup_paths()
+# Force the flag on for this run regardless of env — backfill is the
+# whole point of running this script. The deploy-time default stays off.
+os.environ["MULTIMODAL_ENABLED"] = "true"
+
+from legal_mcp import config  # noqa: E402
+from legal_mcp.services import db, embeddings, extractor, processor  # noqa: E402
+
+logging.basicConfig(
+    level=logging.INFO,
+    format="%(asctime)s [%(levelname)s] %(message)s",
+)
+logger = logging.getLogger("multimodal_backfill")
+
+
+def _resolve_local_path(db_path: str) -> Path:
+    """Map container path /data/... to host /home/chaim/legal-ai/data/...
+    when running locally; pass-through when already absolute and present."""
+    p = Path(db_path)
+    if p.is_file():
+        return p
+    if str(p).startswith("/data/"):
+        local = Path("/home/chaim/legal-ai") / Path(*p.parts[1:])
+        if local.is_file():
+            return local
+    return p
+
+
+async def _backfill_document(
+    document_id: UUID,
+    case_id: UUID,
+    title: str,
+    db_file_path: str,
+    skip_if_exists: bool,
+) -> dict:
+    pool = await db.get_pool()
+    if skip_if_exists:
+        existing = await pool.fetchval(
+            "SELECT count(*) FROM document_image_embeddings WHERE document_id = $1",
+            document_id,
+        )
+        if existing and existing > 0:
+            logger.info("  skip (%d rows already): %s", existing, title)
+            return {"status": "skipped", "rows": int(existing)}
+
+    pdf_path = _resolve_local_path(db_file_path)
+    if not pdf_path.is_file():
+        logger.warning("  file missing: %s (%s)", pdf_path, title)
+        return {"status": "missing"}
+    if pdf_path.suffix.lower() != ".pdf":
+        logger.info("  not a PDF, skipping: %s", title)
+        return {"status": "not_pdf"}
+
+    page_count = await pool.fetchval(
+        "SELECT page_count FROM documents WHERE id = $1", document_id,
+    )
+    if not page_count:
+        # Open to count
+        import fitz
+        d = fitz.open(str(pdf_path))
+        page_count = len(d)
+        d.close()
+
+    logger.info("  embedding %s (%d pages)", title, page_count)
+    t0 = time.time()
+    result = await processor._embed_document_pages(
+        document_id, case_id, pdf_path, page_count,
+    )
+    elapsed = time.time() - t0
+    logger.info("  done in %.1fs: %s", elapsed, result)
+    return {"status": "ok", "elapsed_sec": round(elapsed, 1), **result}
+
+
+async def backfill_cases(case_numbers: list[str], skip_if_exists: bool = True) -> dict:
+    """Embed page images for every PDF document in the given cases."""
+    await db.init_schema()  # in case schema V9 hasn't been applied
+    pool = await db.get_pool()
+    summary: dict = {}
+    for cn in case_numbers:
+        logger.info("=" * 60)
+        logger.info("Case %s", cn)
+        case = await db.get_case_by_number(cn)
+        if not case:
+            logger.warning("Case not found: %s", cn)
+            summary[cn] = {"status": "case_not_found"}
+            continue
+        case_id = UUID(str(case["id"]))
+        docs = await pool.fetch(
+            "SELECT id, title, file_path FROM documents WHERE case_id = $1 ORDER BY title",
+            case_id,
+        )
+        logger.info("  %d documents", len(docs))
+        per_doc: list[dict] = []
+        for d in docs:
+            doc_id = UUID(str(d["id"]))
+            title = d["title"]
+            r = await _backfill_document(
+                doc_id, case_id, title, d["file_path"], skip_if_exists,
+            )
+            per_doc.append({"document_id": str(doc_id), "title": title, **r})
+        summary[cn] = {
+            "documents_total": len(docs),
+            "embedded": sum(1 for r in per_doc if r["status"] == "ok"),
+            "skipped": sum(1 for r in per_doc if r["status"] == "skipped"),
+            "missing": sum(1 for r in per_doc if r["status"] == "missing"),
+            "not_pdf": sum(1 for r in per_doc if r["status"] == "not_pdf"),
+            "documents": per_doc,
+        }
+    return summary
+
+
+def main():
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Multimodal backfill for case documents")
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "cases", nargs="+", help="Case numbers to backfill (e.g. 8174-24 8137-24)"
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--re-embed", action="store_true",
+        help="Re-embed even if image embeddings already exist (default: skip)",
+    )
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+
+    logger.info("MULTIMODAL_MODEL=%s DPI=%d THUMB_DPI=%d",
+                config.MULTIMODAL_MODEL, config.MULTIMODAL_DPI, config.MULTIMODAL_THUMB_DPI)
+    summary = asyncio.run(
+        backfill_cases(args.cases, skip_if_exists=not args.re_embed)
+    )
+    print()
+    print("=" * 60)
+    print("SUMMARY")
+    print("=" * 60)
+    for cn, s in summary.items():
+        if s.get("status") == "case_not_found":
+            print(f"  {cn}: NOT FOUND")
+            continue
+        print(
+            f"  {cn}: {s['documents_total']} docs — "
+            f"embedded {s['embedded']}, skipped {s['skipped']}, "
+            f"missing {s['missing']}, non-pdf {s['not_pdf']}"
+        )
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()